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THE  MOST  ANCIENT  SKELETAL 
REMAINS  OF  MAN 


BY 


Dr.  ALES  HRDLlCKA 

Curator,  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology,  U.  S.  National  Museum, 


SECOND  EDITION 


ORIGINALLY  PUBLISHED  IN  THE  SMITHSONIAN  REPORT  FOR  1913 

PAGES  491-552) 

(WITH  PLATES  1-4]  AND  12  FIGURES) 


(Publication  2300) 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

1913 


THE   MOST  ANCIENT  SKELETAL 
REMAINS  OF  MAN 


BY 


Dr.  ALES  HRDLICKA 

Curator,  Division  of  Physical  AnUiropology,  U.  S.  National  Museum 


SECOND  EDITION 


(ORIGINALLY  PUBLISHED  IN  THE  SMITHSONIAN  REPORT  FOR  1913 

PAGES  491-552) 

(WITH  PLATES  1-41  AND  12  FIGURES) 


(Publication  2300) 


WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 


THE  MOST  ANCIENT  SKELETAL  REMAINS  OF  MAN. 


HI 


By  Dr.  Ales  Hrdlicka, 
Curator,  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology,  U.  8.  National  Museum. 


[With  41  plates  and  12  figures.] 
Introduction. 

The  early  history  of  the  human  race,  though  merged  in  the  dark- 
ness of  ages,  is  step  by  step  being  traced  and  reconstructed;  and 
apparently  the  time  is  drawing  near  when  science  will  be  able  to 
present,  in  the  main  at  least,  the  definite  solution  of  the  profound 
and  involved  problem  of  man's  origin,  when,  in  other  words,  it  will 
be  in  a  position  to  show,  however  imperfectly,  at  what  period,  where, 
and  how  man  ascended  from  the  lower  orders. 

Although  the  subjects  of  the  origin  and  antiquity  of  mankind  have 
occupied  thinking  minds  since  time  immemorial,  actual  research  in 
these  fields  began  considerably  less  than  a  century  ago,  and  the  more 
intensive  investigations  cover  hardly  a  generation.  Such  investiga- 
tions have  been  fraught  with  many  difficulties  and  are  growing  in 
complexity.  They  demand  patient  watchfulness,  diligent,  long- 
extended  exploration,  and  considerable  expense.  The  most  careful 
attention  must  be  given  to  geological  and  paleontological  besides 
other  evidence.  And,  after  all,  the  net  results  of  a  prolonged  as- 
siduous quest  may  be  no  more  than  a  few  stone  chips  and  implements, 
or  perhaps  a  tooth,  or  a  few  badly  crushed  bones,  belonging  to  human 
antiquity.  But,  as  there  are  many  hands  at  work,  invaluable  ma- 
terials are  accumulating.  Besides  this,  every  now  and  then  the 
search  is  more  richly  rewarded,  or  some  important  specimen  is  dis- 
covered accidentally;  and  every  new,  well-authenticated  addition  to 
the  remains  of  early  man  or  his  predecessors,  more  particularly  if  it 
is  a  part  of  the  skeleton,  means  a  fresh,  highly  valuable  document 
which  throws  supplementary  light  on  the  natural  history  of  the 
human  being. 

The  explorations  of  recent  years  have  been  particularly  fruitful. 
They  were  of  wide  extent  geographically  and  have  brought  to  science 
stores  of  primitive  archeological  remains,  so  that  whole  classes  of 
ancient  industries  in  stone  could  be  determined;  they  advanced 
our  knowledge  materially  from  the  standpoints  of  paleontology, 
geology,  and  stratigraphy;  and  they  resulted  in  the  recovery  of 
example  after  example  of  well-authenticated  ancient  skeletal  remains 

3 

33826 


4  ANCIENT   REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA. 

of  man  himself,  representing  human  beings  coeval  with  long-extinct 
animals,  and  with  them  dating  far  back  into  the  Quaternary  or  Ice 
Epoch, 

The  aggregate  of  the  precious  human  skeletal  material  here  re- 
ferred to  is  still  far  from  being  satisfactory  from  the  standpoint  of 
completeness,  but  it  is  already  sufficient  to  afford  solid  groundwork 
for  many  important  scientific  deductions  as  to  man's  development; 
and  happily  exploration  is  going  on  with  ever-increasing  interest  as 
well  as  precision.  Hundreds  of  well-trained  students  are  now  watch- 
ing and  searching  for  new  accessions  with  which  to  fill  the  gaps,  on 
the  basis  of  which  to  corroborate  previous  observations,  and  bring 
about  a  fuller  understanding  of  the  physical  progress  of  man  in  the 
course  of  the  ages. 

Europe,  particularly  its  more  western  and  southern  portions,  has 
thus  far  proved  the  richest  source  of  ancient  human  remains. 
Africa,  Asia,  and  those  parts  of  Oceanica  which  were  formerly  con- 
nected with  the  Asiatic  continent  have  been  as  yet  but  little  explored. 
Nevertheless  India  is  yielding  recently  some  important  remains  of 
anthropoid  apes,1  and  the  island  of  Java  has  furnished  an  intensely 
interesting  specimen  bearing  on  man's  evolution  and  antiquity.  As 
to  America,  the  researches  have  thus  far  yielded  nothing  that  could 
possibly  be  accepted  as  representing  man  of  geological  antiquity. '-' 
For  the  present,  therefore,  an  account  of  the  very  ancient  remains  of 
man,  with  the  exception  of  the  Java  specimen  and  possibly  a  more 
recent  find  in  Australia."  must  be  limited  to  early  European  forms. 

Such  an  account,  in  condensed  form,  is  here  presented.  With  the 
view  of  preparing  this  summary  the  writer,  during  part  of  the  spring 
and  summer  of  1912  and  under  the  auspices  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, undertook  a  personal  examination  of  all  the  more  important 
skeletal  remains  relating  to  early  man  now  preserved  in  the  museums 
of  Europe.  The  cultural  remains  were  given  only  passing  attention. 
partly  on  account  of  their  great  numbers  and  partly  because  they 
pertain  to  a  collateral  branch  of  science,  prehistoric  archeology, 
which  is  rapidly  making  them  known  to  the  world.'  The  sites  of  the 
more  noteworthy  discoveries  were  visited,  however,  whenevei 
cumstances  permitted. 

Tn  this  communication  will  be  described  only  the  very  oldest  and 
tin. roughly  well-authenticated  skeletal  remains  of  man  so  far  re- 
covered. Besides  these,  the  European  museums  posses-  numerous 
human  crania  and  boms  belonging  to  more  recent  lime  and  therefore 

Lea  eingea  fossil.-  de  I'lada     LAnthronoiotde,  vol.  26,   r.>ir>,  i>p. 

<.f  Karl.v  M:m  in   North  and  South  America  Is  dealt  with  In   Hull 
■i  1 1  vol  y  In   ia<>7   and    1912)   of  the  Uureaii  of  American   Btl 
in  institution  ;  tbeaa  publication!  ais,,  contain  ti.e  bibliography  of  (In-  s 
•  i  i.an  of  Jan.  29,  1916,  \\  121. 
'Sea  "Beceni  on  tha  antiquity  of  man  in  Europe,"  by  <:.  i 

Curdy,  s  ..  n  for  1909,  Washington,  1010;  ti"'  Comptea  Bendna  flu 

■nai  d'Anthropologla  <'t  d'Archeologie  Prehlatorlqoee,  eapedallj    I 

[/Anthropologic,  Man,  ami  other  anthropological  period 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OP    MAN HRDLICKA.  5 

not  of  such  decided  general  interest  as  the  older  forms,  and  also  some 
whose  reported  age  is  not  universally  regarded  as  well  established. 
These  two  classes  of  specimens  can  not  well  be  considered  in  this 
paper,  for  it  would  thereby  become  unduly  complicated  and  possibly 
also  involve  controversy. 

The  questions  of  the  antiquity  and  origin  of  man  are  naturally 
subjects  of  the  greatest  interest  both  to  the  scientist  and  to  the  lay- 
man, for  they  not  only  involve  what  is  probably  the  most  important 
problem  in  science,  but  touch  the  very  foundations  of  human  beliefs, 
ethics,  and  intellectual  as  well  as  organic  progress  in  the  future. 
Their  detailed  solution,  also,  is  still  far  from  us.  But  it  may 
now  be  safely  postulated  that  man  did  not  appear  on  our  planet  as 
an  entirely  new  and  distinct  being  unconnected  with  the  rest  of 
terrestrial  organic  life.  He  is  anatomically  as  well  as  physiologically 
but  a  highly  specialized  mammal  that  still  carries  numerous  though 
now  more  or  less  useless  vestiges  or  "  reminiscences  "  of  various  lower 
stages  through  which  he  passed.  Nor  is  there  any  good  reason  to  re- 
gard him  as  the  result  of  some  freak  of  evolution,  for  his  progress 
in  the  organic  scale  appears  thoroughly  logical.  His  ascent,  judg- 
ing from  what  has  been  already  learned  on  the  subject,  though  prob- 
ably not  uniformly  accelerated,  was  on  the  whole  slow.  We  shall 
seemingly  come  nearest  the  truth  if  we  look  upon  him  as  on  the  ulti- 
mate result  of  gradual  modification  in  the  upward  continuity  or 
trend  of  a  highly  specialized  group  of  organic  forms.  He  may  be 
regarded  as  the  topmost  and  dominating  bough  on  an  ancient  mam- 
malian tree  whose  roots  intertwine,  somewhere  in  the  earlier  Ter- 
tiary, with  those  of  various  advanced  vertebrates.  From  this  tree 
branches  have  doubtless  diverged  at  different  levels  and  become 
related  species,  some  of  these  still  persisting,  while  others  have  been 
long  extinct.  The  stem  began,  so  far  as  discernible,  with  lemurlike 
forms,  from  which  in  the  course  of  time  sprang,  though  scarcely  in 
the  order  in  which  they  now  appear  to  us,  the  more  simple  and  then 
the  more  highly  organized  primates.  Among  the  latter  then  arose, 
it  would  appear,  slowly  or  more  likely  rather  suddenly,  one  or  per- 
haps several  forms  characterized  by  more  than  the  average  physical 
instability;  and  the  descendants  of  one  or  more  of  these  strains. 
under  the  influence  of  changing  environment,  more  especially  food 
and  climate,  and  perhaps  other  agencies,  began  to  develop  reduced 
teeth,  larger  brain,  more  erect  posture,  increased  facility  of  inter- 
communication; and  this  differentiation  apparently  progressed  until 
some  strain  of  these  changing  beings  reached  that  hazy  dh'iding  line 
below  which  was  still  the  realm  of  the  apes  but  above  which  com- 
menced that  of  the  true  precursors  of  man. 

These  more  immediate  human  predecessors  may  be  conceived  of  as 
forms  which  showed  various  individual  advances  anatomically. 
physiologically,  and  mentally  toward  man,  as  well  as  many  morpho- 
logical and  other  reminders  of  and  reversions  to  the  ape;  but  they 


6  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN TTRDLlf'KA. 

were  unable  to  wholly  revert  to  the  latter.  <  >n  the  whole  they  kept, 
though  probably  irregularly,  progressing  toward  man.  and  when 
eventually  a  part  of  them  varied  so  far  in  the  direction  of  (he human 
being  that  a  complete  return  even  to  their  own  former  kind  became 
impossible,  then,  it  may  he  conceived,  the  earliest  representatives  of 
man  were  established. 

These  earliest  men  doubtless  from  the  beginning  lacked  in  uni- 
formity; some  strains  of  them,  in  all  likelihood,  tacked  also  in  vi- 
tality or  in  sufficient  adaptability  to  changing  conditions  and  have 
disappeared:  but  others  kept  on  modifying  in  the  upward  direction 
until  in  the  course  of  long  ages  they  reached  the  various  somewhat 
unequally  advanced  types  of  man  of  the  present  day. 

The  above  deductions  concerning  man's  origin  seem  to  be  justified 
from  the  study  of  the  material  now  at  the  disposal  of  the  anthropolo- 
gist. The  whole  process  of  man's  rise,  viewed  comprehensively, 
appears  as  a  most  remarkable,  multiple,  progressive,  sustained,  pos- 
sibly more  or  less  irregular,  and  not  yet  finished  differentiation,  the 
exact  fundamental  ami  enduring  causes  id'  which  are  not  well  under- 
stood. 

The  various  actual  species  of  primates  lower  than  man  may  in  a 
sense  be  viewed  as  his  distant  cousins,  descendants  from  some  of  the 
old  primate  stocks,  or  as  by-products  of  his  own  evolution,  retarded 
and  aberrant  relatives,  unable  or  not  called  upon  by  their  environ- 
ment to  keep  up  with  his  progress,  and  slowly  modifying  more  or 
less  sui  generis.  The  old  mono-  and  polygenistic  theories  dissolve, of 
course,  equally  before  these  closer  assumptions. 

The  final  stages  of  the  progression  toward  the  definitely  human 
form,  according  to  such  light  on  the  subject  as  we  now  possess,  began 
toward  the  close  of  the  Tertiary  period.  By  the  end  of  the  Tertiary 
..-  probable  that  there  already  existed  some  of  the  transitional 
forms,  (he  predecessors  of  the  human  being,  approximating  present 
man  more  or  less  in  size  of  skull  and  brain,  in  characteristics  of  teeth. 
in  stature,  in  the  form  of  the  pelvis,  and  in  other  particulars.  It  ifl 
even  possible  that  before  the  close  of  this  period  iikhi's  precursors 
began  the  use  of  articulate  language,  ami  thus  passed  the  somewhat 
more  definite  functional  boundary  separating  these  forerunners  from 
man.  Hut  the  bulk  of  the  life  history  of  the  human  being  proper 
belongs  to  the  Pleistocene  or  Quaternary  period,  the  period  of  re- 
peated advances  and  retrogressions  of  glacial  climate  over  the  North 
Temperate  Zone.  The  oldest  known  human  remains  have  been  found 
in  deposits  and  v  i(h  the  bones  i<\'  cxiinct  animals  of  glacial  or  inter- 
glacial  times.     A-  we  g<>  backward  into  the  period  we  find  that  the 

human  forms  and  in  general  also  the  pro. bids  of  human  activities 
become   more   primitive.     <  >n    the  other   hand,   after   the   last    glacial 

ion,  perhaps  ten  thousand  years  ago,  man  was  already  physically 

much  the  same  as  \\<-  i     at   ju v.  cut. 


ANCIENT   REMAINS   OF   MAN HRDLICKA.  7 

The  time  that  has  elapsed  since  man's  precursors,  the  superanthro- 
poid  beings  progressing  toward  man,  developed  the  physical  charac- 
teristics that  are  distinctively  human,  and  acquired  the  faculty  of 
speech,  can  not  be  computed  in  years,  but  the  length  of  that  period 
was  many  times  greater  than  the  duration  of  our  recent  or  Holocene 
epoch,  the  relatively  brief  phase  since  the  recession  of  the  last  ice 
invasion.1 

The  Oldest  Well- Authenticated  Skeletal  Remains  of  Man  or 
Man's  Precursors  Now  Existing. 

THE    "PITHECANTHROPUS." 

(Pithecanthropus  erectus  Dubois.) 

In  1891-92  Dr.  E.  Dubois,  then  a  surgeon  in  the  Dutch  Army, 
while  engaged  in  paleontological  excavations  along  the  left  bank  of 
the  Bengavan  River,  near  Trinil,  in  the  central  part  of  the  Island  of 
Java,  discovered  several  skeletal  parts  of  a  primate  evidently  higher 
in  scale  and  nearer  to  man  than  any  before  known. 

The  remains  were  thoroughly  petrified  and  comprised,  in  all,  the 
vault  of  a  skull,  two  molar  teeth,  and  a  femur. 

The  bones  were  not  found  simultaneously  nor  in  the  same  place. 
They  lay  some  distances  apart,  though  at  the  same  horizon  and  em- 
bedded in  the  same  stratum  of  volcanic  matrix.  This  stratum  was 
rich  in  fossil  remains  of  various  organic  forms  and,  in  the  locality 
where  the  excavations  were  carried  on,  was  about  1  meter  below  the 
dry-season  water  level,  or  12  to  15  meters  below  the  plain  in  which 
the  river  had  cut  its  bed. 

In  September,  1891,  the  excavations  in  the  volcanic  matrix  yielded 
unexpectedly,  among  other  fossils,  a  remarkable  tooth,  a  molar, 
which  was  determined  as  having  belonged  to  a  large  unknown  pri- 
mate. A  month  later  the  unique  and  most  interesting  skull  cap 
was  discovered,  only  1  meter  distant  from  the  place  where  lay  the 
tooth.  It  now  became  certain  that  traces  had  come  to  light  of  a  hith- 
erto unknown  primate  of  large  size,  standing  in  many  respects  nearer 
to  man  than  any  of  the  actual  anthropoid  apes.  It  was  seemingly  an 
intermediate  form  between  the  apes  and  man,  and  was  characterized 
by  the  name  of  "  pithecanthropus." 

Then  came  the  rainy  season  and  work  had  to  be  suspended.  Ex- 
ploration was  recommenced,  however,  as  early  as  possible  in  1892, 
and  in  August  of  that  year  the  femur  was  found  about  15  meters 
(50  feet)  from  the  locality  where  the  other  specimens  had  been  em- 

1  For  the  duration  and  subdivision  df  the  Glacial  Epoch  the  following  works  may  be 
consulted  :  T.  E.  Chamberlin  and  R.  D.  Salisbury's  Geology,  1906 ;  Osborn,  H.  F.,  The 
age  of  mammals  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America ;  H.  Obermaier,  Der  Mensch  der 
Vorzeit,  8°,  Berlin,  1912  ;  R.  R.  Schmidt,  E.  Kok'en  and  A.  Schliz,  Die  Diluviale  Vorzeit 
Deutschlands,  4°,  Stuttgart,  1912  ;  and  Osborn,  II.  F.,  Review  of  the  Pleistocene  of  Europe, 
Asia,  and  northern  Africa  ;  Annals  N.  Y.  Acad,  Sc's,  xxvi,  1915,  pp.  215-315.  These  works 
give  further  bibliography. 


8 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HBKLtCKA. 


bedded.  Finally,  in  October  of  the  same  year,  the  second  molar  was 
secured,  at  a  distance  of  not  more  than  :'.  meters  (18  feet)  from  the 
original  position  of  the  skull  cap.  and  in  the  direction  of  the  resting 

place  of  the  femur. 

The  accompanying  illustrations  (pi.  1'  and  fig.  1)  show  the  locality 
of  the  discovery  and  the  approximate  positions  of  the  specimens. 


YZ&fywm 


ysi 


Pro.  i.  -SacnoM  o»  was  oaatn  boos  stkata  at  thx  locautj  wbxbi  the 

PlTHXCAlJTffBOPTJS     BOMBS     WKHE     i>isto\i  i;i:i>.       A,    Akia  01   t;i;o\vi.\i; 
;"  B,  BOW   SANn.sTiiNi:;    «',   LATUM    mi:\hm;    l>.  i  >  \  i  i.   at    Willi  11 

Ml  i:\-n  ■;     1'.    \i;,;H.!.\- 
i  wit;  Q,   HAUHl   r.i:i:..i\;   II,  wi  KSBA80M  UtVM  01  Tin:  Kivn;: 

I,  i»l  i.i.  01  Tin:  an  i 

All  four  specimens  were  considerably  mineralized,  being  of  choco* 
late-brotfn  color,  very  heavy,  and  "harder  than  marble."  Numer- 
ous bones  of  mammals  found  in  the  same  bed  belonged  to  species 

now  extinct  or,  so  far  as  known,  not   now  Living  in  .lava,  and  showed 

Possilization  similar  to  that   of  the  bones  of  the   Pithecanthropus. 
The  contours  of  the  teeth  and  (he  femur  were  sharp,  indicating  that 

i  After  Min..  i..  s.i.  ni. a  an. i  M.  Blankenhorn:  Die  Pltbecanthropus-Schlchten  auz  Java, 

Ml. 
■  From  the  Smithsonian   Report    for   L898,  p.  446,  article  Pithecanthropus  arectua,  in 
lated  from  the  anatomlscber  Anaeisar,  vol.  13,  pp.   1  22);  original 
in  Trans.  Royal   Dublin  *...-.,  vol.  <;,   1898,  pp.   i    18. 


ANCIENT   REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA.  9 

it  has  not  been  washed  or  rolled  about  to  any  great  extent;  but  the 
skull  cap  showed  the  effects  of  erosion,  probably  caused  by  acidulous 
water  seeping  through  the  deposits. 

All  indications  and  a  detailed  study  of  the  specimens  led  Dubois 
to  the  conclusions  that:  (1)  The  four  skeletal  pieces  in  question  were 
contemporaneous;  (2)  they  were  of  the  age  of  the  stratum  in  which 
found;  (3)  they  belonged  to  one  skeleton;  and  (4)  they  represent  a 
transitional  form  of  beings  between  the  anthropoid  apes  and  man, 
belonging  to  the  direct  line  in  the  genealogy  of  the  latter. 

The  first  published  announcement  of  the  discovery  by  Dubois  ap- 
peared in  1894 ;x  to-day  the  subject  possesses  already  a  relatively 
large  literature  of  its  own.2  A  special  expedition  of  two  years'  dura- 
tion has  also  since  worked  on  the  site  of  the  discovery,3  and  the 
remains  are  regarded  universally  as  of  the  greatest  scientific  value; 
but  the  final  word  concerning  their  exact  age  and  true  biological 
position  has  not  yet  been  pronounced. 

It  should  be  stated  at  once  that  there  is  no  room  for  doubt  as  to 
the  place  of  discovery  of  the  several  bones  and  their  geological  or 
paleontological  relations.  The  several  pieces  were  found  in  sittf, 
in  the  progress  of  scientific  exploration,  by  a  careful  and  competent' 
observer.  But  the  precise  age  of  the  stratum  in  which  they  lay,  and 
their  exact  biological  position  among  related  forms,  are  not  yet  ab- 
solutely delimited.  While  Dubois  and  other  scientific  men  regard 
the  Pithecanthropus  remains  as  all  belonging  to  the  same  skeleton, 
as  dating  chronologically  from  the  latest  part  of  the  Tertiary  or  the 
earliest  phase  of  the  Quaternary  period,  and  as  representing  a  true 
intermediary  form  between  the  anthropoid  apes  and  man,  others 
have  expressed  doubts  as  to  whether  the  four  bones  belong  to  the 

1  Pithecanthropus  erectus.  Eine  menschenahnliche  fjebergangsform  aus  Java.  Von 
Eug.  Dubois,  Militiirarzt  der  Niederliindischen  Armee.  Mitt  zwei  Tafeln  und  drei  in  den 
Text  gedruckten  Figuren.,  4°,  Batavia,   1894. 

2  Few  of  the  more  important  English  contributions  to  the  subject  are  : 

Marsh,  O.  C.  On  the  Pithecanthropus  erectus  Dubois,  from  Java.  (Amer.  Journ.  Sci., 
Feb.  1895.)  On  the  Pithecanthropus  erectus,  from  the  Tertiary  of  Java.  (Ibid.,  4th  ser., 
vol.  1.  1896,  pp.  475-482.) 

Turner,  William.  On  M.  Dubois's  description  of  remains  recently  found  in  Java,  named 
by  him  Pithecanthropus  erectus,  with  remarks  on  the  so-called  transitional  forms  between 
Apes  and  Man.      (Journ.  Anat.  and  Physiol.,  vol.  29,  1895,  pp.  424-445.) 

Dubois,  E.  On  Pithecanthropus  erectus :  a  transitional  form  between  man  and  the 
apes.  (Journ.  Anthrop.  Instit.  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Feb.  1896,  pp.  240-255;  Trans. 
Royal  Dublin  Soc,  ser.  2,  vol.  6,  Dublin,  1898,  pp.  1-18  ;  Smithsonian  Report  for  189S 
(Washington,  1899),  pp.  445-459.) 

Manouvrier,  L.  On  Pithecanthropus  erectus.  Transl.  by  G.  G.  MacCurdy.  (Amer. 
Journ.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  4,  Sept.  1897,  pp.  213-234.) 

Hepburn,  David.  The  Trinil  femur  (Pithecanthropus  erectus)  contrasted  with  the 
femora  of  various  savage  and  civilized  races.  (Rep.  66th  meeting  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci., 
1897,  pp.  926-927.) 

For  literature  in  other  languages  see  especially  G.  Schwalbe,  Studien  ii.  Pithecanthropus 
erectus  Dubois.  (Zeitschr.  f.  Morphologie  und  Anthropologic,  Bd.  1,  Stuttgart,  1899,  pp. 
1-240,  bibliogr.  234-240.) 

3  Under  Mme.  Solenka  ;  see  "  Die  Pithecanthropus-Schichten  auf  Java,"  by  Mme.  Lenore 
Selenka  and  M.  Blankenhorn,  4°,  Leipzig,  1911. 


10  AHCHBtfT   REMAINS    OF    MAN — HUDLICKA. 

Same  form;  or  they  consider  the  age  of  the  remains,  though  no 
doubt  earl}-  Quaternary,  to  be  less  than  that  estimated  by  Dubois; 
and  finally  some  incline  to  regard  the  remains  as  those  of  early  man 
rather  than  an  intermediary  being,  while  still  others  consider  that 
they  represent  merely  a  superior  extinct  form  of  ape.1 

BRIEF  DESCRIPTION    01     11!!     SPECIMENS. 

(Plates  ii.  :;.  text  Rg.  2.) 

On  account  of  peculiar  circumstances  an  attempt  to  describe  first 
hand  the  important  pieces  under  consideration  meets  with  serious 
difficulties.  It  would  surely  seem  proper  and  desirable  that  speci- 
mens of  such  value  to  science  should  be  freely  accessible  to  well- 
qualified  investigators  and  that  accurate  casts  be  made  available  to 
scientific  institutions,  particularly  after  20  years  have  elapsed  since 
the  discovery  of  the  originals.  Regrettably,  however,  all  that  has 
thus  far  been  furnished  to  the  scientific  world  is  a  cast  of  the  skull 
cap.  the  commercial  replicas  of  which  yield  measurements  different 
from  those  reported  taken  of  the  original,  and  several  not  thoroughly 
satisfactory  illustrations;  no  reproductions  can  l>e  had  of  the  femur 
and  the  teeth,  and  not  only  the  study  but  even  a  view  of  the  origi- 
nals, which  are  still  in  the  care  of  their  discoverer,  are  denied  to  sci- 
entific men.  Under  these  anomalous  conditions  it  is  only  possible 
to  follow  Dr.  Dubois's  old  information.2 

The  skull  cap  (pi.  2)  measures  in  greatest  length  18.5  (on  cast 
18.L)  cm.,  in  greatest  (parietal)  breadth  13  (on  cast  1").:'))  cm.,  and 
at  the  minimum  of  the  frontal  constriction  8.7  cm.3  It  is  dolicho- 
cephalic, its  outline  as  seen  from  above  is  oblongly  ovoid,  narrowing 
considerably  forward,  and  it  is  very  low.  It  presents  excessively 
prominent  though  not  massive  supraorbital  arch  and  a  very  sloping 
front.  The  frontal  bone,  in  addition,  shows  externally  ami  along  its 
middle  a  wcll-dcfmed  ridge,  running  from  a  short  distance  above  the 
glabella  toward  bregma,  and  a  marked  low  protuberance  just  forward 
of  the  bregma.  The  sagittal  region  is  relatively  Hat  and  smooth,  and 
the  occiput    presents  a   dull   transverse  crest,  connecting  as   in   apes. 

though  in  much  Less  pronounced  manner,  with  the supramastoid  crest 

on  each  side. 

1  For  numerous  of  the  earlier  phase*  of  these  control  Dubois's  paper  la  the 

I  the  Boyal  Dublin  Bocietj  :  :iiso  that  In  the  Smithsonian  Beporl  for  1898, 

i>.  1 19  et  mo.. 

■The  ;  meritorious  work  on  the  skull  i>y  Schwalbe  (op.  « - > t .  *  was  mads  on 

bleb  evidently  was  In  all  respects  Identical  with  « 1 1«-  oaa  la  the  r.  s.  National 

Museum,  but  the  measurements  on  which  <l<>  not  exactly  agree  with  those  given  i>y  Dubois 

o"  iii i-  differences,  however  unfortunate,  do  not.  or  eoursa,  in  any  way 

detract  from  tin-  Importance  of  the  original. 

tted  thai   similar  measurements  on  an  ordinary  white 
dolichocephalic  cranium  give  approximately  19.1,  i  !.••.  Mini  10  centimeters; 
on  female,  18.8,  i::t,  and  '•>.''.  centimeters, 


Smithsonian  Report,  1  91  3.— Hrdlick 


Plate  2. 


(1.)    PithecanthropXjs  erectus,  Skullcap,  from  Above  (One-half  Natural  Size). 

(2.)    Anthropopithecus  troglodytes,  Adult  Female  Skull,  from  Above  (Two-thirds 

Natural  Size). 

(After  Dubois,  Smithsonian  Report  for  1898.) 


an  Report,  1913— Hrdlicka. 


Platc  3. 


la,    Pithecanthropus  erectus,  Skullcap,  from  Left  Side  (One-half  Natural  Size). 
2».    Anthropopithecus  troglodytes,  Adult   Female   Skull,  from  Left  Side  (Two- 
thirds  Natural  Size>. 


(After  Dubois,  Si 


>ii  for  1898.) 


ANCIENT  REMAINS   OF    MAN HRDLICKA. 


11 


Without  going  into  a  detailed  discussion  of  these  characteristics, 
it  will  suffice  to  say  that  in  most  respects  the  specimen  differs  more 
or  less  from  the  ordinary  human  skull  of  to-day  as  well  as  from  those 
of  early  man,  so  far  as  known,  and  approaches  correspondingly  the 
crania  of  the  anthropoid  apes. 

The  temporal  ridges,  marking  on  the  parieties  of  the  vault  the 
upper  limit  of  the  temporal  muscles  and  fascia,  are  well  defined  but 
run  rather  distant  (about  4  cm.  on  each  side)  from  the  median  line, 
as  in  female  anthropoids  and  in  man. 

O 


Fig.  2.— Attempt  at  a  restoration  of  the  skull  of  the  Pithecanthropus  erectus  half 
the  natural  size.    (After  Dubois,  Smithsonian  Report  for  1898.) 

may  be  feminine.  The  whole  remnant,  in  fact,  presents  rather  sub- 
dued forms,  such  as  would  more  readily  be  expected  in  a  female 
than  in  a  male  being  at  that  stage  of  evolution. 

The  walls  of  the  skull  are  of  only  moderate  thickness.  Its  internal 
Rapacity  was  originally  believed  by  Dubois  to  have  been  quite  large, 
namely  about  1,000  c.  c,  but  eventually  he  reduced  this  estimate  to 
900  c.  c.  or  a  little  over.  The  capacity  of  an  average  cranium  of  a 
white  American  would  amount  in  the  male  to  about  1,500,  in  the 
female  to  about  1,350  c.  c,  while  in  the  largest  living  anthropoid 
apes  it  only  rarely  attains  or  exceeds  600  c.  c. 


12 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HlilM.K'KA. 


The  impression  which  a  comprehensive  study  of  the  whole  skull 
cap  carries  to  the  observer  is,  that  it  represents  a  hitherto  unknown 
primate  form,  which,  whatever  it  may  eventually  be  identified  with 
and  whether  or  not  man's  direct  ancestor,  stands  morphologically 
between  man  and  the  known  anthropoid  apes,  fills  an  important  space 
in  the  hitherto  existing  large  void  between  the  two,  and  constitutes 
a  precious  document  for  the  natural  history  of  man. 

Dubois's  theoretical  restoration  of  the  whole  cranium  of  the  Pithe- 
canthropus, which  in  all  probability  comes  fairly  near  to  the  reality, 
i<  shown  in  the  foregoing  illustration  (fig.  2). 

The  two  teeth  attributed  to  the  Pithecanthropus  are  the  second  left 
and  the  third  right  upper  molars.  The  latter  is  shown,  in  reduction, 
on  plate  1.  According  to  Dubois,  they  both  present  the  same  type. 
which,  particularly  in  the  development  of  the  cusps,  is  markedly  ape- 
like; but  Tomes1  pronounces  them  "not  exactly  like  any  known 
teeth,  either  human  or  simian."'  Judging  from  the  models  of  these 
teeth  which  the  writer  saw  at  Haarlem,  they  are  decidedly  unlike 
any  human  molars,  but  approach  those  of  the  higher  anthropoids. 
Both  have  bulky  but  rather  low  crowns,  and  stout,  not  too  long, 
strongly  diverging  roots.  In  size  they  exceed  considerably  the  same 
teeth  in  man,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  comparisons  given  herewith; 
their  relative  dimensions  (that  is,  the  ratio  of  breadth  to  length) 
are,  however,  rather  nearer  the  human  form  than  that  in  most  of 
the  large  apes. 

Comparison  of  the  corresponding  molars  of  modern  white  man  mid  the  Pithe- 
canthropus. 


Second  loft  upper 
molar. 


length 

(safdttal 

diam- 
eter). 


Greatest 

breadth 
(Irans- 

verae  di- 
ameter). 


Third  right  upper 
molar. 


length. 


Greatest 
breadth. 


AveraRo  white  man,  approximate. 
Pithecanthropus 


IX  0 


mm. 
n.i) 
14.0 


mm. 

u.a 


mm. 
10.5 


<  )n  the  whole,  it  seems  evident  that  the  two  teeth  represent  B  higher 

primate  form;  in  all   probability  they  come   from  one  individual, 

and  their  morphological  characteristics  are  such  that   they  may  Well 

have  belonged  to  the  same  species  or  even  the  same  individual  as  the 
before  de  cribed  skullcap.  Their  size,  as  seen  from  a  comparison 
with  the  teeth  of  larger  existing  anthropoid  ape-,  is  no1  incompatible 

with   the  size  of  the  skullc;ip.  and   that    even    if  the   latter   belonged 

to  ,i  female  individual. 

1  O.ntul   anal. .my,  8°,   I...iiiI<-ii.    1904,   |>.  500. 


Smithsonian  Report,  1  91  3. — Hrdlicka 


Pithecanthropus  erectus. 

Left  femur:  1,  from  before;  2,  from  side;  3,  from  behind;  4,  from  below;  5,  lower  end  from  median 
side;  6,  right  third  upper  molar,  from  below;  (3a,  from  behind.  (Reduced;  after  Dubois,  from  Smith- 
sonian Report  for  1898.) 


ANCIENT  EEMAINS   OF    MAN HBDLICKA.  13 

The  Trinil  femur  (pi.  4),  according  to  Dubois,  Manouvrier,  and 
others,  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  the  human  thigh  bone,  both  in 
size  and  shape;  nevertheless  judging  from  the  illustration  it  presents 
also  some  important  differences.  Its  length,  45.5  cm.,  equals  that  of  a 
human  femur  from  a  man  1.70  meters  (5  feet,  7  inches)  in  stature, 
and  of  proportionate  strength.1  Notwithstanding  these  dimensions, 
however,  the  relatively  large  inclination  of  the  bone  from  the  vertical 
when  stood  up  on  its  condyles,  and  the  relatively  moderate-sized 
head  and  lower  articular  extremity,  suggest  that,  as  was  the  case 
with  the  skullcap,  the  bone  may  proceed  from  a  female. 

The  femur  plainly  belonged  to  a  strong  being  maintaining  erect  or 
near-erect  posture  and  marching  mostly  or  entirely  biped,  as  man. 

The  principal  differences  of  the  bone  from  a  modern  human  femur 
consist  in  its  less-marked  antero-posterior  curve,  in  a  more  evenly 
cylindrical  shaft,  in  the  more  mesial  position  of  the  smaller  tro- 
chanter, in  the  intertrochanteric  line  being  less  raised  and  hence 
more  simian  in  character,  and  in  the  popliteal  space  which,  as  a  rule 
concave  from  side  to  side  in  present  man,  is  convex  in  the  Trinil 
specimen. 

THE  "  EOANTHBOPXJS  DAWSONI." 

A  problematical  but  deeply  interesting  find  of  ancient  human 
skeletal  and  possibly  also  anthropoid  remains  has  lately  come  to 
light  in  England.  The  specimens  representing  this  discovery  are  an 
imperfect  cranium,  part  of  a  lower  jaw,  and  a  canine  tooth.  The 
several  parts  were  up  to  recently  classed  together  as  the  Sussex  or 
Piltdown  skull,  which  was  supposed  to  represent  a  genus  of  ancient 
and  peculiar  human  beings,  and  was  given  the  name  of  Eoanthropus 
Dawsoni. 

The  preservation  of  the  remains  in  question  is  due  to  Mr.  Charles 
Dawson.  The  originals  are^deposited  in  the  British  Museum  of 
Natural  History  at  Kensington  and  were  first  reported  upon,  with 
the  circumstances  of  the  find,  on  December  18,  1912,  before  the  Lon- 
don Geological  Society.2 

The  history  of  these  specimens,  as  given  by  Mr.  Dawson,  illustrates 
the  usefulness  and  need,  especially  in  the  Old  World,  of  scientific 
supervision  of  excavations.    Mr.  Dawson's  statement  is  as  follows : 3 

Several  years  ago  I  was  walking  along  a  farm  road  close  to  Piltdown  Com- 
mon, Fletching  (Sussex),  when  I  noticed  that  the  road  had  been  mended  with 
some  peculiar  brown  flints  not  usual  in  the  district.  On  inquiry  I  was  aston- 
ished to  learn  that  they  were  dug  from  a  gravel  bed  on  the  farm,  and  shortly 

1  The  circumference  of  the  shaft  at  middle  is  9  cm,,  or  one-fifth  of  the  length  of  the  bone, 
which  proportion  is  often  equaled  in  present  man  ;  the  breadth  at  middle  is  2.75  cm. 
Numerous  other  measurements  of  the  bone  are  given  in  Dubois's  "  Pithecanthropus  erectus," 
etc.,  4°,   Batavia,   1894,  p.  21  et  seq. 

2  Dawson,  Charles,  A.  Smith  Woodward,  and  G.  Elliot  Smith.  On  the  discovery  of  a 
Palaeolithic  skull  and  mandible  in  a  flint-bearing  gravel  overlying  the  Wealden  (Hastings 
beds)  at  Piltdown,  Fletching  (Sussex).  (Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  for  March,  1913,  vol. 
G9,  pp.  117-144.)  See  also  Haddon,  A.  C,  Eoanthropus  Dawsoni  (Science,  Jan.  17,  1913, 
pp.  91-92)  ;  and  MacCurdy,  G.  G.,  Ancestor  hunting:  The  significance  of  the  Piltdown 
skull  (Amer.  Anthropologist,  vol.  15,  1913,  pp.  24S-256). 

3  L.  c,  p.  117  et  seq. 


14  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLJCKA. 

afterwards  I  visited  the  place,  where  two  laborers  were  M  work  digging  the 

gravel  for  small  repairs  to  the  roads.  As  this  excavation  was  situated  about 
four  luiles  north  of  the  limit  where  the  occurrence  of  Mints  overlying  the 
Wealden  strata  is  recorded  I  was  much  interested  and  made  a  close  examina- 
tion of  the  bed.  I  asked  the  workmen  if  they  had  found  hones  or  oilier  fossils 
there.  As  they  did  not  appear  to  have  noticed  anything  of  the  sort  I  urged 
them  to  preserve  anything  that  they  might  find.  Tpon  one  of  my  subsequent 
\isits  to  the  pit.  one  of  the  men  handed  to  me  a  small  portion  of  an  unusually 
thick  human  parietal  hone.  I  immediately  made  a  search,  hut  could  find  noth- 
ing more  nor  had  the  men  noticed  anything  else.  The  bed  is  full  of  tabular 
pieces  of  ironstone  closely  resembling  this  piece  of  skull  in  color  and  thickness; 
and,  although  1  made  many  subsequent  searches,  I  could  not  hear  of  any  fur- 
ther find  nor  discover  anything — in  lad.  the  bed  seemed  to  be  quite 
unl'ossiliferous. 

It  was  not  until  some  years  later,  in  the  autumn  of  1911,  on  a  risil  i<»  the 
spot,  that  I  picked  up,  among  the  rain-washed  spoil  heaps  Of  the  gravel  pit, 
another  and  Larger  piece  belonging  to  the  frontal  region  of  the  same  skull.  In- 
cluding a  i>ortion  of  the  left  superciliary  ridge     *     *     *. 

I  took  the  hones  to  Dr.  A.  Smith  Woodward  at  the  British  Museum  (Natural 
History)  for  comparison  and  determination.  n<-  was  immediately  impressed 
with  the  importance  of  the  discovery,  and  we  decided  to  employ  labor,  and  to 
make  a  systematic  search  among  the  spoil  heaps  and  gravel  as  soon  as  the 
floods  had  abated,  for  the  gravel  pit  is  more  or  less  under  water  during  five 
or  six  months  of  the  year.  We  accordingly  gave  up  as  much  time  as  we  could 
spare  since  last  spring  (1!>12)  and  completely  turned  over  and  sifted  what 
spoil  material  remained;  we  also  dug  up  and  sifted  such  portions  of  the  gravel 
as  had  been  left  undisturbed  by  the  workmen     *     *     *. 

At  Piltdown  the  gravel  bed  occurs  beneath  a  few  inches  of  the  surface  soil 
and  varies  in  thickness  from  3  to  5  feet     *     *     *. 

Portions  of  the  bed  are  rather  finely  stratified,  and  the  materials  are  usually 
cemented  together  by  iron  oxide,  so  that  a  pick  is  often  needed  to  dislodge 
portions— more  especially  at  one  particular  horizon  near  the  base.  It  is  in 
this  last  mentioned  stratum  that  all  the  fossil  hones  and  teeth  discovered  in 
situ  by  us  have  occurred.  The  stratum  is  easily  distinguished  in  the  appended 
photograph    (pi.  5)   by  being  of  the  darkest   shade  and  just   ahove  the  bedrock. 

The  gravel  is  situated  on  a  well-defined  plateau  of  large  area    *    *    *    and 

lies  about   86  f«'<'t    ahove  the  level  of  the  main   stream  of  the  ( >use. 

Since  the  deposition  of  the  gravel  the  river  has  cul  through  the 
plateau,  l><>tli  willi  its  main  stream  and  its  principal  branch,  to  this 

extent. 

Considering  the  amount  of  material  excavated  and  sifted  hy  us.  the  speci- 
mens discovered  were  numerically  small  and  localized. 

Apparently   1 1 i < -  whole  or  greater  portion  of  the  human  skill  1    had   been   Bhal 

i.  red  by  the  workmen,  who  had  thrown  away  the  pieces  unnoticed.  Of  these 
we  recovered  from  the  spoil  heaps  as  many  fragments  as  possible.  In  a 
somewhat  deeper  depression  of  the  undisturbed  grave]  I  found  the  right  half 

oT  a  human  mandihle.  So  far  as  I  could  )uflge,  guiding  myself  hy  the  position 
of  a  tree  :;  or  1  yards  away,  the  spot  was  identical  with  that  upon  which  the 
men  were  at  work  when  the  first  portion  of  the  cranium  was  found  several 
years  ago,  Dr.  Woodward  also  dug  up  a  small  portion  Of  the  occipital  hone 
of  the  skull  from  within  a  yard  of  the  point  where  the  jaw  was  discovered  and 
at    precisely    the   same    level.      The   jaw    appeared    to    have   heeii    hroken    at    Ihe 

bymphysis  and  abraded,  perhaps  when  it   lay  tixed  in  the  grave]  and 


ANCIENT    KEMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA.  15 

its  complete  deposition.  The  fragments  of  cranium  show  little  or  no  sign  of 
rolling  or  other  abrasion,  save  an  incision  at  the  back  of  the  parietal,  probably 
caused  by  a  workman's  pick. 

A  small  fragment  of  the  skull  has  been  weighed  and  tested  by  Mr.  S.  A. 
Woodhead,  M.  Sc,  F.  I.  C,  public  analyst  for  East  Sussex  and  Hove,  and 
agricultural  analyst  for  East  Sussex.  He  reports  that  the  specific  gravity  of 
the  bone  (powdered)  is  2.115  (water  at  5°  C.  as  standard).  No  gelatine  or 
organic  matter  is  present.  There  is  a  large  proportion  of  phosphates  (origi- 
nally present  in  the  bone)  and  a  considerable  proportion  of  iron.  Silica  is 
absent. 

Besides  the  human  remains,  we  found  two  small  broken  pieces  of  a  molar 
tooth  of  a  rather  early  Pliocene  type  of  elephant,  also  a  much-rolled  cusp 
of  a  molar  of  Mastodon,  portions  of  two  teeth  of  Hippopotamus,  and  two  molar 
teeth  of  a  Pleistocene  beaver.  In  the  adjacent  field  to  the  west,  on  the  surface 
close  to  the  hedge  dividing  it  from  the  gravel  bed.  we  found  portions  of  a  red 
deer's  antler  and  the  tooth  of  a  Pleistocene  horse.  These  may  have  been 
thrown  away  by  the  workmen,  or  may  have  been  turned  up  by  a  plough  which 
traversed  the  upper  strata  of  the  continuation  of  this  gravel  bed.  Among 
the  fragments  of  bone  found  in  the  spoil  heaps-  occurred  part  of  a  deer's  meta- 
tarsal, split  longitudinally.  This  bone  bears  upon  its  surface  certain  small  cuts 
and  scratches  which  appear  to  have  been  made  by  man.  All  the  specimens  are 
highly  mineralized  with  iron  oxide.    *    *    * 

Among  the  flints  we  found  several  undoubted  flint  implements,  besides  numer- 
ous Eoliths.     *     *     * 

From  the  above  Mr.  Dawson  believed  himself  justified  in  drawing 
the  following  conclusions: 

It  is  clear  that  this  stratified  gravel  at  Piltdown  is  of  Pleistocene  age,  but 
that  it  contains  In  its  lowest  stratum  animal  remains  derived  from  some  de- 
stroyed Pliocene  deposit  probably  situated  not  far  away  and  consisting  of 
worn  and  broken  fragments.  These  were  mixed  with  fragments  of  early 
Pleistocene  mammalia  in  a  better  state  of  preservation,  and  both  forms  were 
associated  with  the  human  skull  and  mandible,  which  show  no  more  wear  and 
tear  than  they  might  have  received  in  situ.  Associated  with  these  animal 
remains  are  Eoliths,  both  in  a  rolled  and  an  unrolled  condition ;  the  former  are 
doubtless  derived  from  an  older  drift,  and  the  latter  in  their  present  form  are 
of  the  age  of  the  existing  deposit.  In  the  same  bed.  in  only  a  very  slightly 
higher  stratum,  occurred  a  flint  implement,  the  workmanship  of  which  resem- 
bles that  of  implements  found  at  Chelles,  and  among  the  spoils  heaps  were 
found  others  of  a  similar,  though  perhaps  earlier,  stage. 

From  these  facts  it  appears  probable  that  the  skull  and  mandible  can  not 
safely  be  described  as  being  of  earlier  date  than  the  first  half  of  the  Pleisto- 
cene (or  Glacial)  epoch.  The  individual  probably  lived  during  a  warm  cycle 
of  that  age. 

The  anthropological  report  on  the  specimen  by  Dr.  Woodward 
brought  forth  the  following  main  details : 

The  human  remains  comprise  the  greater  part  of  a  brain  case  and  one  ramus 
of  the  mandible,  with  lower  molars  1  and  2.  All  the  bones  are  normal,  with 
no  traces  of  disease,  and  they  have  not  been  distorted  during  mineralization. 

Of  the  brain  case  there  are  four  pieces  (reconstructed  from  nine 
fragments)  sufficiently  well  preserved  to  exhibit  the  shape  and  nat- 
ural relations  of  a  larger  part  of  the  vault  and  to  justify  the  recon- 


16  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLTCKA. 

struction  of  some  other  features.  These  bones  are  particularly  note- 
worthy for  their  thickness,  which  reaches  20  nun.  at  the  internal 
occipital  protuberance  and  10  pun.  along  the  greater  part  of  the 
fractured  edges  of  the  frontal  and  parietals.  The  average  thickness 
of  modern  European  skulls  at  the  protuberance  is  less  than  10  mm., 
and  elsewhere,  except  along  tin-  ridges  and  sutures,  varies  between 
4  and  6  mm. 

Under  the  direction  of  Messrs.  Woodward  and  Dawson  the  skull 
was  reconstructed.  It  is  evidently  that  of  an  adult,  but  not  old, 
female.  Seen  from  above,  it  shows  a  short  ovoid  outline.  It  is 
rather  broad  posteriorly,  measuring  15.0  cm.  in  greatest  width,  and 
ta pel's  moderately  forward  to  a  slight  constriction  behind  the  supra- 
orbital ridges,  where  its  width  (the  diameter  frontal  minimum)  is 
11. -J  cm.  The  total  length  from  glabella  to  external  occipital  pro- 
tuberance is  uncertain,  owing  to  the  hypothetical  restoration  of  the 
frontals,  but  it  measured  probably  not  far  from  19.0  cm.;  the 
cephalic  index  may  have  been,  therefore,  somewhere  about  78  or  79. 

A  detailed  examination  of  the  several  bones  of  the  skull  is  interesting,  as 
proving  the  typically  human  character  of  nearly  all  the  features  that  they 
exhibit.  The  only  noteworthy  reminiscences  of  the  ape  are  met  with  in  the 
upward  extension  of  the  temporal  fossae  and  in  the  low  and  broad  shape  of  the 
occipital  region.  The  frontal  region,  which  is  complete  on  the  left  side  and  in 
its  upper  middle  portions,  shows  a  fairly  developed  forehead,  with  well-rounded 
frontal  eminence.  Judging  from  the  remainder  of  the  supraorbital  border,  it 
is  clear  that  there  can  not  have  been  any  prominent  or  thickened  supraorbital 
ridge,  and  in  consequence  of  this  the  missing  parts  of  the  frontal  region  were 
restored  on  the  plan  of  an  ordinary  human  skull — 
which  was,  perhaps,  not  fully  justifiable. 

The  temporal  crest  is  sharply  developed  over  the  frontal  and  parietals. 

The  occipital  bone  is  remarkable  both  for  its  relatively  great  width, 
and  for  the  large  area  and  flattenings  of  its  smooth  upper  portion. 
Tin'  external  occipital  protuberance  and  the  muscular  ridges  are 
well  marked. 

The  left  temporal  hone,  which  is  excellently  preserved,  is  "typi- 
cally human  in  every  detail,"  and  corresponds  closely  with  the  same 
bone  iii  a  comparatively  modern  human  skull.  The  mastoid  is  rather 
small. 

The  capacity  of  the  brain-case  must  have  been  at  least  1.0,0  rr. 

The  Lntercranial  cast,  shows,  according  to  Elliot  Smith,  a  con- 
siderable  resemblance  t<>  (hose  obtained  from  the  Gibraltar  and  La 

Quina  skulls.  Like  these  it  is  relatively  long,  narrow,  and  especially 
flat:  "but  it  is  Bmaller  ami  presents  more  primitive  features  than 
any  known  human  brain  or  cranial  cast.*'  Marked  peculiarities  of 
Conformation  are  shown  particularly  in  the  parietal  and  temporal 
region.  The  length  of  the  left  cerebral  hemisphere  was  only  L'6.8 
cm.,  due  to  the  thickness  of  the  bones,  while  the  maximum  breadth 
of  the   brail)    (located   lower  down   than   usual).   WB&    L8.0  cm.,   the 


\: 


Smithsonian  Report,  1  913. — HrdiicU 


Restoration  of  the  Piltdown  Mandible  (B),  Compared  with  that 

of  Man  (C)  and  Young  Chimpanzee  (A),  in  Left  Side  View. 

(After  A.  Smith  Woodward.) 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA.  17 

maximum  height  10.6  cm.1  The  author  concludes  that  "  taking  all 
its  features  into  consideration,  we  must  regard  this  as  being  the  most 
primitive  and  most  simian  human  brain  so  far  recorded;  one,  more- 
over, such  as  might  reasonably  have  been  expected  to  be  associated  in 
one  and  the  same  individual  with  the  mandible,  which  so  definitely 
indicates  the  zoological  rank  of  its  original  possessor." 

As  regards  the  lower  jaw  and  the  teeth  it  will  be  best  to  quote 
from  Dr.  Woodward.  According  to  this  observer:  "While  the 
skull,  indeed,  is  evidently  human,  only  approaching  a  lower  grade 
in  certain  characters  of  the  brain,  in  the  attachment  for  the  neck,  the 
extent  of  the  temporal  muscles  and  in  the  probably  large  size  of  the 
face,  the  mandible  appears  to  be  almost  precisely  that  of  an  ape, 
AYith  nothing  human  except  the  molar  teeth  *  *  *."  What  there 
is  of  the  lower  jaw  shows  the  same  mineralized  condition  as  the  skull, 
and  the  specimen  "  corresponds  sufficiently  well  in  size  to  be  referred 
to  the  same  individual  without  any  hesitation."  It  is  fairly  well 
preserved.  "  It  lacks  the  condyle  and  a  larger  part  of  the  symphysis 
with  most  of  the  dental  arch,  but  retains  the  first  two  molars,  as  well 
as  the  socket  for  the  third.  The  ascending  ramus  is  relatively  broad. 
The  bone  is  massive  and  its  outer  surface  is  deeply  marked  with 
irregular  hollows  for  the  insertion  of  a  powerful  masseter  muscle. 
The  horizontal  ramus  measures  only  about  27  mm.  in  height  behind, 
but  must  have  been  a  little  higher  forward.  There  is  a  great  width 
of  the  temporal  insertion,  the  mylohyoid  groove  is  situated  behind 
rather  than  in  line  with  the  dental  foramen,  and  there  is  a  complete 
absence  of  the  mylohyoid  ridge — all  characters  of  the  mandible  in 
apes,  not  in  man.  As  the  horizontal  ramus  curves  round  to  the  sym- 
physis its  lower  margin  exhibits  an  increasingly  wider  flattening, 
which  begins  beneath  the  second  molar,  slopes  upward  and  out- 
ward, and  ends  in  front  in  the  strongly  retreating  chin.  The  inner 
edge  of  this  flattening  is  sharply  rounded,  and  at  the  symphysis 
itself  the  inner  face  of  the  jaw  is  so  much  depressed  in  its  lower  part 
that  the  bone  here  has  the  form  of  a  nearly  horizontal  plate  or  flange 
closely  similar  to  that  found  in  all  the  apes.  The  genio-hyo-glossal 
and  genio-hyoid  muscles,  in  fact,  must  have  had  their  origin  in  a 
deep  pit,  as  in  the  apes;  while  the  digastric  can  only  have  been 
inserted  on  the  edge  of  the  bony  flange  instead  of  extending  far  over 
the  lower  border  as  in  man.  Unfortunately,  the  absence  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  symphysis  does  not  allow  of  a  precise  restoration  of  the 
specimen.  As,  however,  the  whole  of  the  bone  preserved  closely 
resembles  that  of  a  young  chimpanzee,  it  seemed  reasonable  to  restore 
the  fossil  on  this  model  and  make  the  slope  of  the  bony  chin  inter- 
mediate between  that  of  the  adult  ape  and  that  of  Homo  heidel- 
bergensis  (pi.  7).  If  this  restoration  proved  to  be  correct  then  the 
alveolar  border  was  so  long  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  assume  the 

1  The  brain  of  a  white  male  from  Ireland,  whose  skull  possessed  very  nearly  the  same 
external   measurements    (length    19   cm.,   breadth   14.0   cm.),   gave   the   writer    17   cm.   in 
length,  13.8  cm.  in  breadth,  and  11.8  cm.  in  height. 
30249°— 1916 2 


18  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA. 

presence  of  a  relatively  large,  though  probably  not  very  prominent 
canine.1  The  two  molar  teeth  are  noteworthy  for  their  considerable 
length  in  proportion  to  their  width  and  in  each  being  provided  with 
a  large  fifth  cusp.  They  are,  although  distinctly  human,  of  the  most 
primitive  type,  and  must  be  regarded  as  reminiscent  of  the  apes  in 
their  narrowness."     *     *     * 

The  above  were  the  essentials  of  the  information  we  possessed  about 
the  Piltdown  specimens  up  to  the  end  of  1914.  Meanwhile  the  find 
has  been  discussed  at  the  late  meeting  (August,  1913)  of  the  British 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  as  well  as  in  a  number 
of  publications,  one  of  the  most  important  of  which  was  an  additional 
report  by  Messrs.  Dawson  and  Woodward,2  in  which  appeared  details 
of  considerable  additional  interest.  From  this  publication  we  learn 
that  the  researches  by  the  authors  in  the  Piltdown  gravel  have  con- 
tinued; and  that  the  whole  bed  at  the  locality  of  the  find  was  found 
divided  into  four  well-defined  strata.  The  topmost  of  these  consists 
of  surface  soil,  with  pieces  of  iron-stained  subangular  flint  derived 
from  some  ancient  gravel  and  similar  to  the  Hints  beneath.  This 
surface  soil  also  contains  a  mixture  of  pottery  and  implements  of 
various  ages.  Beneath  is  the  second  bed  of  ''undisturbed'*  gravel 
varying  from  a  few  inches  to  three  feet  in  thickness.  A  paleolithic 
implement  figured  in  the  former  paper  by  the  writers  has  been  found 
in  this  layer,  which  contains  rolled  and  subangular  flints  similar  to 
those  found  above  and  below.  The  third  stratum,  though  not  always 
present,  is  well  marked  where  it  does  occur  by  reasons  of  its  dark 
ferruginous  appearance,  and  chiefly  consists  of  pieces  of  ironstone 
and  rolled  and  subangular  flints  deeply  patinated  and  iron  stained. 
All  the  fossil  bones,  animal  and  human,  with  the  exception  of  the 
remains  of  a  deer,  were  discovered  in  or  have  been  traced  to  this 
third  dark  bed.  which  rests  unevenly  upon  a  fourth  layer,  consisting 
of  \ery  pale  yellow,  finely  divided  sand  and  clay. 

The  whole  of  the  work  was  perforce  carried  on  very  slowly,  and 
it  was  found  impossible  to  employ  more  than  one  laborer.  "  for  the 
actual  excavation  had  to  be  closely  watched,  and  each  Spadeful  care- 
fully examined.  The  grave]  was  then  either  washed  with  a  sieve,  or 
strewn  on  specially  prepared  ground  for  the  rain  to  wash  it:  after 
which  the  layer  thus  spread  was  mapped  out  in  square.-,  and  minutely 
examined  section  by  section. H 

While  the  Laborer  was  digging  the  disturbed  gravel  within  two  or 

three  feel  from  the  spot  where  the  mandible  was  found,  Mr.  Dawson 
"saw  two  human  nasal  bones  lying  together  with  the  remains  of  a 
turbinated  bone  beneath  them  in  situ.n     In  the  gravel  excavated 

within   a   radius  of   five  yards  of  the  spot    where  the   mandible   was 

found.  Father  Teilhard  de  Ghardin,  who  worked  for  a  few  days 
with  the  authors,  found  on  August  :'.(>.  L918,  a  remarkable  canine 

i This  was  written  before  tin-  canine  was  discovered. 

*  Supplementary  Note  on  the  Discovery  <<f  a  Paleolithic  Human  Skull  and  Mandible  at 
Piltdov  ii  i  Bui  -<■>.  i  ;  Quart,  Journ.  Geological  Society,  London,  April,  1914,  pp.  81  '.''.'. 


Smithsonian  Report,  1  91  3.— Hrdlicka 


EOANTHROPUS. 

The  newly  found  nasal  bones  and  canines  (in  various  aspects  and  sections)  and  the 
lower  jaw.     (After  Dawson  and  Woodward,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc,  vol.  70,  pi.  15.) 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HEDLICKA.  19 

tooth,  which,  according  to  Messrs.  Dawson  and  Woodward,  belongs 
to  the  Eoanthropus. 

There  were  also  found  in  the  same  vicinity  two  evidently  worked 
flints  with  a  flint  flake;  and  there  were  also  recovered  fragments  of 
teeth  of  the  stegodon,  rhinoceros,  and  mastodon. 

The  conclusions  of  Messrs.  Dawson  and  "Woodward  are  that  the 
third  or  dark  bed  is,  in  the  main,  composed  of  Pliocene  drift,  prob- 
ably reconstructed  in  the  Pleistocene  epoch. 

"As  regards  the  human  remains  discovered,  including  the  canine 
tooth,  there  is  nothing  in  their  mode  of  occurrence  to  favor  the  idea 
that  they  may  have  belonged  to  different  individuals.  Putting  aside 
the  human  remains  and  those  of  the  beaver,  the  remains  of  the  fauna 
all  point  to  a  characteristic  land  fauna  of  Pliocene  age;  and,  though 
all  are  portions  of  hard  teeth,  they  are  rolled  and  broken.  The 
human  remains,  on  the  other  hand,  although  of  much  softer  material, 
are  not  rolled,  and  the  remains  of  beaver  are  in  a  similar  condition. 
It  would,  therefore,  seem  that  the  occurrence  of  these  two  individuals 
belongs  to  one  of  the  periods  of  reconstruction  of  this  gravel,  though 
for  other  reasons  before  stated  by  us,  this  is  not  perfectly  certain." 

The  newly-found  nasal  bones  (pi.  8)  are  "  comparatively  stout, 
and  they  are  thickened  at  the  upper  border,  suggesting  a  massive 
and  somewhat  overhanging  brow  ridge.  *  *  *  Comparison  proves 
that  these  nasal  bones  resemble  those  of  the  Melanesian  and  African 
races,  rather  than  those  of  the  Eurasian  type." 

The  remarkable  new  canine  tooth  (pi.  8)  "is  certainly  that  of  a 
primate  mammal,  and  may  therefore  be  referred  without  hesitation 
to  Eoanthropus."     *     *     * 

As  to  the  original  restoration  of  the  skull,  it  appears  that  the 
changes  called  for  by  detailed  and  many  sided  further  study,  will 
be  relatively  small ;  and  "  there  are  reasons  for  believing  that  the 
individual  was  a  young  adult,  and  possibly  a  female,  for  the  features 
that  present  secondary  sexual  characters  in  modern  skulls  are  quite 
indefinite  in  these  fragments." 

Notes  on  an  interesting  discussion  follow  the  report.  There 
seemed  to  have  been  some  doubt  as  to  the  teeth  belonging  all  to  the 
same  skull.  As  to  the  age  of  the  remains,  the  opinion  was  expressed 
that  it  could  not  be  earlier  than  Pleistocene ;  according  to  Prof.  W. 
Boyd  Dawkins,  this  was  clearly  proved  by  the  presence  in  the  Pilt- 
down  deposits  "of  an  antler  of  red  deer  (Cervus  elaphus),  a  species 
unknown  in  the  Pliocene  of  Europe  and  abundant  in  the  Pleistocene 
and  later  strata." 

Since  the  above  referred  to  announcement  of  discovery  of  the  re- 
markable canine,  the  whole  subject  of  the  Piltdown  remains  received 
a  redoubled  attention.  A  controversy  developed,  also,  as  to  the  ac- 
curacy of  the  restoration  of  the  skull,  Prof.  A.  Keith,  of  London, 
claiming  that  it  was  considerably  larger  than  estimated  by  Messrs. 
Dawson  and  Woodward.  New  reconstructions  were  attempted  by 
Keith  and  more  recently  by  McGregor  (X.  Y.),  as  well  as  by  Wood- 


20  ANCIENT   EEMAINS    OF   MAN HItDLICKA. 

ward  himself  and  the  capacity  of  the  skull  is  now  estimated  at  ap- 
proximately 1,300  cc.1 

Detailed  studies  and  comparisons  of  the  canine  by  Gregory,2  Os- 
born,'  McGregor,  and  especially  Miller,  have  resulted  in  an  impor- 
tant modification  of  the  diagnosis  as  to  its  identity,  and  it  is  now 
definitely  recognized  as  the  left  upper  tooth  instead  of  the  right 
lower  one  as  supposed  originally. 

The  most  important  development  in  the  study  of  the  Piltdown  re- 
mains, however,  is  the  recent  well-documented  objection  by  Miller' 
to  the  classing  together  of  the  lower  jaw  and  the  canine  with  the 
cranium.  According  to  Miller,  who  had  ample  anthropoid  as  well 
as  human  material  Tor  comparison,  the  jaw  and  tooth  belonj 
fossil  chimpanzee. 

The  writer's  feeling  is  that  none  of  the  conclusions  regarding  the 
Piltdown  find  should  as  yet  be  accepted  as  final;  they  all  need  cor- 
roboration and  further  elucidation,  which  can  only  be  furnished 
in  the  course  of  time  by  additional  finds,  both  in  the  Piltdown 
gravels  and  elsewhere  on  the  European  Continent.  Until  then  all 
hypotheses  relating  to  the  "  Eoanthropus "  and  the  term  itself  must 
be  regarded  as  more  or  less  premature. 

HOMO  HEIDELBERGENSIS. 
One  of  the  oldest  and  thoroughly  authenticated  skeletal  relics  so 
far  discovered,  attributable  to  a  primitive  human  being,  is  the  price- 
less specimen  known  as  the  Mauer  jaw.  This  precious  document  of 
man's  evolution  is  deposited  in  the  Paleontological  Institute  of 
} » <; .  It-!!  >.'iir.  For  its  preservation  and  thorough  description  we  are 
indebted  to  Dr.  Otto  Sehoetensackv'  professor  of  anthropology  at 
fteidelberg  University,  who  for  years  had  been  watching  the  finds  in 
the.  sand  pits  near  Mauer  which  eventually  yielded  the  specimen. 
Hut  much  credit  in  this  connection  is  dw  also  to  llerr  J 
Rosch,  of  Mauer,  the  owner  of  the  sand  pits  in  question,  who  saved 

the  specimen    from   destruction,  immediately  called    Prof.   Scl 

sack's  attention  to  ii  i  discovery,  and  eventually  donated  it  unselfishly 
to  science. 

The  specimen,  the  lower  jaw  of  an  adult  male,  was  discovered  on 

the  21st  of  October,  l"<)7.  by  two  laborers.    Both  of  these  were  still 

employed  m  the  quarry  at  the  time  of  the  writer's  visit,  in  dune.  L912, 

and  they  readily  related,  in  company  with  Mr.  Rosch,  all  the  circum- 

ces  of  the  find. 

The  deposits  in  which  tin1  specimen  was  discovered  are  located  near 
the  village  of  Mauer,  which  lies  in  the  picturesque  Elsenz  Valley,  6 

i  Keith,  A.,  The  Antlqultj  London,    1915   (with  references  to  liis  former 

publications   relating  i<>  Piltdown  man). 

Woodward,  a.  Smith,  a  Guide  in  the  K<>ssii  Remains  of  Man  in  tin-  Dept  <>r  Geology  and 
Paleontology  in  the  British  Museum;  8°,  London,   L015. 

..  K.,  The  Dawn  Manor  Piltdown,  England;  km.  Mus.  Journ.,  vol.  i  i,  1014, 
pi>.  180 

...  ii.  i\.  Mot,  ,,r  ii,,.  Old  Btone  Age;  *-.  n.  v..  1916,  2d  Ed.  1916. 
'Miller,  G.  s..  i    e  Jaw  of  the  Piltdown  .Man.    Smithsonian  Misc.  OolL,  vol.  65,  No.  vj. 
lag  ton,  Nov.  1916. 


/ 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HEDLICKA.  21 

miles  (10  km.)  southeast  from  Heidelberg.  They  form  the  moder- 
ately elevated  undulating  northern  boundaries  of  the  shallow  valley, 
at  a  distance  of  about  2  miles  from  the  present  bed  of  the  river,  and 
represent  in  the  main  the  quaternary  accumulations  of  the  stream. 
They  consist  of  loess,  sand  and  gravels,  with  here  and  there,  in  the 
deeper  layers,  isolated  flat  blocks  of  red  sandstone  (pi.  9). 

The  portion  of  these  deposits  owned  by  H.  Eosch,  located  about  500 
paces  north  of  the  Mauer  village,  have  now  been  worked,  in  open 
manner,  for  upward  of  30  years,  in  which  time  great  quantities  of 
building  sand  have  been  removed.  During  this  work,  particularly 
in  the  lower  strata,  the  workingmen  often  unearthed  fossil  shells  and 
fossil  bones  of  various  Quaternary  animals.  Many  of  these  speci- 
mens found  their  way,  mostly  as  gifts  of  Herr  Eosch,  to  the  Heidel- 
berg University,  and  the  diggings  were  repeatedly  visited  by 
scientific  men,  among  whom  Prof.  Schoetensack.  Both  the  owner 
and  the  workmen  were  enjoined  to  watch  for  better  preserved  speci- 
mens, and  particularly  for  anything  relating  to  the  presence  of  man. 

On  the  date  of  the  find,  two  of  the  laborers  were  working  in  un- 
disturbed material  at  the  base  of  the  exposure,  over  80  feet  in  depth 
from  the  surface,  when  one  of  them  suddenly  brought  out  on  his 
shovel  part  of  a  massive  lower  jaw  which  the  implement  had  struck 
and  cut  in  two.  As  the  men  knew  it  was  worth  while  to  carefully 
preserve  all  fossils,  the  specimen  was  handled  with  some  care.  The 
missing  half  was  dug  out,  but  the  crowns  of  four  of  the  teeth  broken 
by  the  shovel  were  not  recovered.  The  men  were  struck  at  once  with 
the  remarkable  resemblance  of  the  bone  to  a  human  lower  jaw;  but 
it  looked  to  them  too  thick  and  large  to  be  that  of  man.  They  called 
Herr  Eosch  and  he  also  was  bewildered ;  but  he  recognized  immedi- 
ately that  the  specimen  might  be  of  considerable  interest  to  Prof. 
Schoetensack  and  so  he  took  charge  of  it.  Eeturning  to  the  village  he 
telegraphed  to  the  professor,  who  came  the  next  day,  and  "  once  he 
got  hold  of  the  specimen,  he  would  no  more  let  it  cut  of  his  posses- 
sion." He  took  it  to  Heidelberg,  cleaned  it,  repaired  it,  and  in  1908 
published  its  description  in  an  exemplary  way.1  Since  then  the 
valuable  specimen  has  been  preserved  in  the  Paleontological  Institute 
of  the  Heidelberg  University,  where,  thanks  to  the  liberality  of  those 
in  charge,  it  is  available  for  examination  to  men  of  science.2 

Shortly  following  the  discovery  of  the  jaw  a  most  careful  examina- 
tion and  study  were  made  of  the  Mauer  deposits.  They  were  found 
to  range  from  recent  accumulations  on  the  surface  to  Tertiary  de- 
posits in  the  lowest  layers.    The  jaw  lay  a  little  less  than  three  feet 

1  Shoetensaek,  Otto.  Der  Unterkiefer  des  Homo  Heidelbergensis,  aus  den  Sanden  von 
Mauer  bei  Heidelberg,  4°,  Leipzig,  1908,  pp.  1-67,  13  plates. 

2  The  writer  wishes  to  thank  herewith  especially  Prof.  Wilhelm  Salomon,  chief  of  the 
Institute,  for  the  courtesies  extended. 


22  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA. 

(0.87  meter)  above  the  floor  of  the  excavation  and  70  feet  (24.1 
meters)  from  the  surface.1  The  same  level,  as  well  as  some  of  the 
higher  layers,  yielded  fossil  bones  of  the  Eh phas  antiquum,  Rhi- 
nocero8  etruscus,  Fells  leo  fos»il/'s,  and  various  other  extinct  species. 
The  a^e  of  the  human  jaw  has  been  determined  by  these  and  subse- 
quent explorations  to  be  earlier  Quaternary,  though  there  seems  to 
be  some  uncertainty  as  yet  as  to  the  exact  subdivision  of  the  period 
to  which  it  should  be  attributed. 

The  original  specimen,  when  seen,  impresses  one  at  once  and  po- 
tently as  one  of  the  greatest  anthropological  treasures.  It  is  a  huge 
lower  jaw,  which  looks  simultaneously  both  human  and  ape  (pi.  10). 

It  presents  no  abnormality  or  any  diseased  condition  that  could 
have  altered  it  in  shape,  so  that  it  may  well  be  regarded  as  a  perfect 
representative  of  its  type.  The  bone  is  dull  yellowish-white  to  red- 
dish in  color,  with  numerous  small  and  large  blackish  spots.  The 
crowns  of  the  teeth  are  dirty  creamy  white,  with  blackish  discolora- 
tions  on  the  somewhat  worn-oil'  chewing  surfaces  of  the  canines  and 
incisors,  and  a  few  similar  spots  over  the  molars;  while  all  the  parts 
of  the  teeth  beneath  the  enamel  are  dull  red,  as  if  especially  colored. 
It  is  much  mineralized  and  feels  more  like  so  much  limestone  than 
bone.    It  weighs  nearly  7  ounces  (187  grams). 

The  jaw  is  considerably  larger  and  stouter  than  any  other  known 
human  mandible.  Its  ascending  rami  are  exceedingly  broad.  Its 
coronoicl  processes,  thin  and  sharp  in  modern  man,  are  thick,  dull, 
broad,  and  markedly  diverging.  The  chin  slopes  backward  as 
in  no  human  being  now  known  or  thus  far  discovered,  with  the 
possible  exception  of  the  recently  reported  Eoanthropus;  and  there 
are  other  primitive  features.  The  total  of  the  characteristics  of  the 
bone  are  such  thai,  had  the  teeth  been  Lost,  it  would  surely  have  been 
regarded  as  the  mandible  of  some  large  ape  rather  than  that  of  a  in- 
human being. 

The  teeth  of  the  Mailer  jaw.  however,  are  perfectly  preserved; 
and  though  large  and  provided  with  great  roots  and  in  various  other 
ways  primitive,  they  are  unquestionably  human  teeth.    They  force 

the  conclusion  that  their  possessor,  while  of  heavy,  protruding  face, 
hugh  muscles  of  mastication,  wide  and  thick  zygomatic  aivhe-.  thick 
skull,  probably  heavy  brows,  and  possibly  not  yet  quite  erect  posture, 
had  nevertheless  already  stepped  over  that  line  above  which  the  being 
could  be  termed  human.  His  food  and  probably  his  mode  of  life 
were  related  to  those  of  primitive  man.  and  he  was  already  far  re- 
moved  from  his  primate  ancestors  with  large  canines. 

The  writer  will  not  enter  into  the  anatomical  details  of  the  speci- 
men, which  have  been  admirably  brought  out  by  Prof.  Schoctensack. 

1  'ill.-  exact  ipol  has  been  marked  i>.\  Prof.  Schoetenaack  with  si  si. me  monument  >»'nr- 
lny  the  Inscription:  "  FunoateUe  ilea  menechllchen  Unterklefera,  -i   Ottober,   n»o7." 


Smithsonian  Report,  1  91  3.— Hrdlicka. 


^>   . 


The  Mauer  Lower  Jaw. 

(After  Schoetensaok.    About  three-fourths  natural  size.) 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OP    MAN HRDLICKA. 


23 


The  main  dimensions  of  the  bone  as  taken  by  the  writer  and  con- 
trasted with  a  modern  male  German  jaw  of  average  strength,  are  as 
follows  : 

Measurements  of  the  Mauer  jaw  and  those  of  an  ordinary  lower  jaw  of  a  ichite 
man  of  German  descent. 


Mauer  jaw. 

German  jaw. 

Right 
side. 

Left 
side. 

Right 
side. 

Left 
side. 

Horizontal  length  (from  the  most  forward  point  of  the  alveolar  border 
in  the  middle,  to  the  middle  of  the  posterior  border  of  the  ascending 

cm. 
12. 5            12. 1 

10.8 
11.3 
13.1 

5.2 
3.2 

1.8 

2.05 

2.25 

5.2             5.0 

5.S5 
7.05 

9.1 

2.8 

cm. 

Breadth: 

Vertical  height  in  the  median  line  at  front  (the  jaw  reposing  naturally 

4.5 

2.5 

Thickness  (at  right  angle  to  the  vertical  diameter  of  the  horizontal 
ramus)  at  median  incisors  and  midway  from  above  downward 

.9 
1.5 

1.5 

2.7 

5.4 

6.4 

3.3 

It  is  readily  seen  that  the  jaw  exceeds  considerably  that  of  the 
modern  man  in  every  dimension. 

The  carefulness  of  the  workingmen  in  the  Mauer  sand  deposits 
has  been  redoubled  since  the  find  of  the  jaw,  and  the  locality  has  also 
been  subjected  to  considerable  scientific  exploration,  but  thus  far 
without  further  result  so  far  as  human  remains  are  concerned.  No 
signs  were  discovered  which  would  indicate  that  the  specimen  found 
in  1907  proceeded  from  a  burial.  Evidently  it  became  mingled 
accidentally  and  while  still  fairly  fresh  with  the  ancient  alluvium, 
wherein  by  rare  good  fortune  it  was  perfectly  preserved.  There  can 
be  but  little  hope  that  other  parts  of  the  same  skull  or  skeleton  will 
ever  be  recovered ;  but  it  is  not  impossible  that  the  large  early  accu- 
mulations of  the  Elsenz  Valley  may  inclose  and  some  day  yield 
parts  of  some  equally  early  individual  which  will  throw  further  light 
on  the  physical  organization  of  this  most  interesting  ancient  repre- 
sentative of  humanity. 

THE  SKULL  OF  GIBRALTAR. 

This  highly  valuable  but  comparatively  little  known  specimen  is 
preserved  in  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  England, 
where,  thanks  to  the  courtesy  of  the  curator,  Prof.  Arthur  Keith, 
the  writer  was  able  to  examine  it  and  have  it  photographed. 

The  history  of  the  specimen  is,  regrettably,  somewhat  defective. 
The  first  mention  of  it  occurs  in  Falconer's  Paleontological  Memoirs,1 


1  Falconer,  Hugh.     Paleontological  memoirs  and  notes,  2  vols.,  8°,  London,  1868 ;  also 
Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  21,  1865,  p.  369. 


24  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN — HBDL16KA. 

in  1868,  where,  on  page  5G1  of  volume  2,  speaking  of  various  anthro- 
pological and  other  finds  at  Gibraltar,  the  author  says: 

One  of  the  human  skulls  yielded  by  die  rocka  many  years  since  ap] 
us  to  point  to  a  time  of  very  high  antiquity,  in  fad.  ii  is  the  mosl  remark- 
able and  perfect  example  of  its  kind  now  extant,  in  the  absence  <>f  a  properly 
organized  museum  no  record  exists  of  the  precise  circumstances  under  which 
this  interesting  relic  was  found,  and  that  it  has  been  preserved  at  all  may  be 
considered  a  happy  accident;  it  has  cost  us  much  labor,  and  with  but  partial 
success,  to  endeavor  to  trace  its  history  on  the  spot  where  it  turned  up. 

Besides  this  Falconer  remarks  in  a  letter  to  a  relative,1  referring 
to  the  skull:  "  It  is  a  case  of  a  very  low  type  of  humanity — very  low 
and  savage,  and  of  extreme  antiquity — but  still  man     *     *     *. 

Taking  all  the  available  data  into  consideration,2  it  appears  that 
the  skull  was  discovered,  accidentally,  as  early  as  1848.  therefore 
eight  years  before  the  Neanderthal  cranium  made  it-  appearance  in 
the  "  Forbes  Quarry,  situated  on  the  north  front  of  the  Rock  of  Gi- 
braltar." According  to  Keith,3  it  was  "  quarried  out  of  the  terrace 
under  the  north  face  of  the  rock,"  a  terrace  formed  of  solidified 
breccia,  consisting  of  the  debris  of  weathering  of  the  limestone  cliff 
and  fine  wind-blown  sand.  The  part  of  the  terrace  when'  the  cra- 
nium lay  was  possibly  in  former  times  the  floor  of  a  cave.  Pari  of  a 
cave  still  exists  behind  the  site  of  the  discovery  and  was  explored  in 
l!)li  by  Duckworth,  but  without  results.  It  is  certain  that  the  skull 
showed,  and  to  some  extent  presents  to  this  day.  a  hard  stony  matrix 
adhering  to  its  surface  and  filling  its  cavities.  Broca,  to  whom  we 
owe  the  first  descriptive  account  of  the  specimen4  says  that  it  was 
taken  out  from  a  "very  compact  and  adherent  gangue"  out  of  which 
it  was  disengaged  with  much  difficulty.  The  photographs  published 
with  Broca's  account  show  still  very  noticeable  remnants  of  the  stony 
matrix  (see  also  pi.  12). 

The  skull  was  presented  to  the  Gibraltar  Scientific  Society  by  its 
thai  time  secretary,  Lieut.  Flint,  but  for  many  years  received  no  sci- 
entific attention.  In  18G2  it  came  to  England,  with  the  collections 
from  the  Gibraltar  caves,  and  was  studied  t<»  some  extent  by  Busk 
and  Falconer.  The  latter,  perceiving  how  much  it  differed  from 
receni  human  skull-,  proposed  to  refer  it  to  a  distinct  variety  of  man. 
the  //c/no  colpicus,  after  Calfe*,  the  old  name  of  Gibraltar.  In  1868 
finally  Bush  presented  the  cranium  t<>  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  of  England,  where  it  is  still  preserved. 

The    first    descriptive   account    of   the   specimen    was    published,   as 

mentioned   above,  by    Broca,  but    the  adhering  stony   matrix   pre- 

1  Op.  <  it..  |i.  561,  footnote. 

■  Compare  Keith,  a.  The  «'nrly  history  «.f  tin-  Gibraltar  cranium.  (Nature,  1011,  pp. 
818  814.) 

'  Ancirnl   Typea  "I'  Man,    1911,  p.    1-1. 

'Broca,  P.  Cranea  >i  oaaementa  hnmalna  dee  cavernee  de  Gibraltar  (Bull.  Boc. 
d'Anthropol,  Parle,  2d  aerlea,  vol.   i,  1868,  p.  154.) 


Smithsonian  Report,  1  91  3.— Hrdlicka 


The  Gibraltar  Skull.    Front  View. 
Photographed  for  the  Smithsonian  Report  from  the  original.) 


Smithsonian  Report,  1913. — Hrdlick; 


Gibraltar  Skull.    Top  View. 
Photographed  for  the  Smithsonian  Report  from  the  original.) 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OP    MAN HEDLICKA.  25 

vented  at  that  time  any  attempts  at  accurate  measurements.  Subse- 
quently it  received  attention  from  Huxley,  Quatrefages,  and  Hamy, 
and  later  from  Macnamara,  Klaatsch,  Schwalbe^  Sollas,  Sera,  and 
Keith,  as  well  as  the  writer.  It  is  a  very  remarkable  specimen  which, 
even  though  the  geological  and  paleontological  evidence  relating  to 
its  antiquity  is  imperfect,  does  not  allow  for  one  moment  any  doubt 
as  to  its  representing  an  early  form  of  the  human  being;  and  its 
characteristics  are  such  that  it  is  now  universally  regarded  as  a  rep- 
resentative, possibly  a  very  early  one,  of  the  Homo  neanderthalensis. 

The  cranium  (pis.  11,  12,  13)  is  dirty  yellowish  to  whitish  in  color. 
It  is  considerably  mineralized.  The  stony  matrix  has  been  so  far  re- 
moved that  all  important  determinations  and  measurements  which  the 
defective  state  of  the  bone  itself  permits,  can  now  be  made.  A  for- 
tunate circumstance  is  that  the  frontal  and  facial  parts  are  relatively 
well  preserved ;  the  vault  on  the  other  hand  is  largely  defective,  but 
even  here  sufficient  portions  remain  to  permit  of  a  number  of  valuable 
determinations,  and  a  fairly  correct  reconstruction. 

The  aspect  of  the  face  is  semihuman,  apish.  There  is  a  marked 
and  quite  heavy  supraorbital  arch,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that 
the  skull  is  probably  that  of  a  female.  The  orbits  are  very  spacious, 
especially  in  height,  and  the  frontal  process  between,  especially  at 
the  level  of  the  superior  borders  of  the  orbits,  is  very  stout.  The 
nasal  bridge  is  low,  though  not  excessively  so,  and  the  nasal  aperture 
is  very  broad.  There  are  no  suborbital  (canine)  fossa? — the  surface 
of  the  maxillaries  in  this  region  is  in  fact  slightly  convex,  as  in  the 
apes.  The  zygomatic  arches  are  deficient  and  in  consequence  it  is 
impossible  to  say  anything  definite  about  their  breadth,  except  that 
in  all  probability  this  was  considerable.  The  upper  alveolar  process 
is  largely  absorbed,  so  that  we  can  not  judge  of  the  original  prognath- 
ism, which  however  was*  doubtless  well  marked.  The  teeth  show 
unusual  strength  and  especially  length,  though  their  crowns  are 
largely  worn  off. 

The  vault,  viewed  from  above,  is  ovoid  in  shape  and  decidedly 
low.  The  forehead  is  low  and  sloping.  The  cranial  bones  are  thick, 
exceeding  any  in  this  line  that  can  be  found  in  normal  modern 
European. 

The  external  dimensions  of  the  skull  are  fairly  large,  but  the  brain 
was  small.  The  cranial  capacity  is  estimated  by  Keith  as  having 
been  under  1,100  c.  c. — that  in  an  adult  white  woman  of  the  present 
time  averaging  about  1,325  c.  c.  The  palate  was  large  and  approached 
the  horseshoe  in  shape.  The  fossa?  for  the  articulation  of  the  lower 
jaw  are  ratlrer  small  and,  as  in  the  Krapina  skulls  to  be  described 
later,  they  are  inclined  distally  more  upward  than  in  man  of  the 
actual  time. 


26  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN ITRDLIOKA. 

The  principal   measurements   which   the   writer   secured   on  the 

specimen,  and  which  differ  slightly   from  those  previously  reported. 
especially  as  to  the  breadth  of  the  skull,  are  as  follows: 

Cm. 

Length    maximum     (glabello-occipital) 19.3 

Breadth   maximum,  near i 14.8 

Cephalic  Indea Ti;  to  77 

Height  between  a  point  corresponding  about  to  the  bregma  and  a  point 

on  the  basilar  process  just  back  of  the  vomer 10.8 

Diameter  frontal  minimum 0.9 

Upper  alveolar  point  to  nasion,  approximately 7.9 

Nose  height  (mean  of  the  two  sides) 8.8 

Breadth    maximum 

Palate  length  (Turner's  method),  about 7.0 

Breadth,  about 0.  S 

Mm. 
Thickness  of  right  parietal.  1  cm.  above  and  along  the  squamous  8Uture__     0.0 

Bight         Left. 

Cm.  Cm. 

OrMtS,  height 4  3.  S 

Breadth 4  •!.  0 

Maximum  length  of  the  brain 16.4 

The  majority  of  these  measurements  -how  well  the  low  type  of  the 
skull. 

There  are  numerous  other  details  and  dimensions  about  the  speci- 
men which  are  of  interest  to  the  anthropologist,  but  which  can  not 
well  be  dealt  with  in  this  paper.  It  will  suffice  to  say  that  both  the 
visual  and  the  instrumental  examination  of  the  specimen  lead  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  Gibraltar  skull  represents  a  highly  valuable  re- 
mains of  an  early  human  being  and  that  its  principal  characteris- 
tics justify  the  classification  of  this  ancient  form  with  the  Homo 
neanderthalensls.1 

THE   NEANDERTHAL   SKULL  AND  BONES. 

The  most  famous  of  the  skeletal  remains  representing  early  man 
an-  unquestionably  the  imperfect,  but  highly  characteristic  speci- 
mens known  as  the  Neanderthal  skull  and  bones.  This  important 
find  more  than  any  other  has  aroused  scientific  men  to  intense  reali- 
zation of  the  earlier  phases  of  human  evolution.  The  skull  and  to 
Some  extent  also  the  other  parts  of  the  skeleton  stand  morphologically 
far  below  those  of  any  existing  type  id'  man.  being  correspondingly 
nearer  to  the  ancient    primates;  and  their  name  lias  been   deservedly 

taken  to  designate  with  the  entire  early  phase  of  mankind  of  which 

the  skeleton  is.  as  now  well  known,  a  prototype. 

1  ADDITION  m.    RBriBl 

sik\.  <:.  i..    Nuove  oaservazioni  ed  LnduzionJ  sui  cranio  de  Gibraltar.    Arch.  p. 
I'AntropoL  ami  Btnol.,  rol.  89,  Firenae,  1910,  pp.  1-66,  pis.  8  5. 

Son  .v-.    \V.    <!.      On    the   cranial    ami    facial    features   of    the    .NYa  mlerthal    race. 

(Philosophical  Transactions,  Boy.  See  London,  1907,  vol.  L99B,  p.  -si -,•;:;;>.) 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA.  27 

The  skull,  with  other  parts  of  the  skeleton,  were  found  in  August, 
1856.1  They  were  dug  out  accidentally  by  two  laborers  from  a  small 
cave,  located  at  the  entrance  of  the  Neanderthal  gorge,  in  W^est- 
phajjia,  western  Germany.  The  bones  were  given  but  little  attention 
by  the  workmen,  but  fortunately  news  of  the  find  reached  an  Elber- 
feld  physician,  Dr.  Fuhlrott,  and  he  was  still  able  to  save  the  skull- 
cap, the  femora,  humeri,  ulnse,  right  radius,  portion  of  the  left  pelvic 
bone,  portion  of  the  right  scapula,  piece  of  the  right  clavicle,  and 
five  pieces  of  ribs  (see  pis.  14r-18). 

Soon  after  their  discovery  the  skeletal  remains  of  the  Neanderthal 
man  received  the  attention  of  Prof.  D.  Schaaffhausen,  of  Bonn,  who 
on  the  4th  of  February,  1857,  made  a  preliminary  report  upon  them 
at  the  meeting  of  the  Lower  Rhine  Medical  and  Natural  History 
Society,  of  Bonn.2  At  the  general  meeting  of  the  Natural  History 
Society  of  Prussian  Ehineland  and  Westphalia,  at  Bonn,  on  the  2d 
of  June,  1857,  Dr.  Fuhlrott  himself  gave  a  full  account  of  the 
locality  of  the  find  and  of  the  circumstances  under  which  the  dis- 
covery was  made. 

The  principal  details  of  Dr.  Fuhlrott's 3  report  were  as  follows : 

A  small  cave  or  grotto,  high  enough  to  admit  a  man  and  about  15  feet  deep 
from  the  entrance,  which  is  7  or  S  feet  wide,  exists  in  the  southern  wall  of  the 
gorge  of  the  Neanderthal,  as  it  is  termed,  at  a  distance  of  about  100  feet  from 
the  Diissel4  and  about  60  feet  above  the  bottom  of  the  valley  (fig.  3).  In  its 
earlier  and  uninjured  condition  this  cavern  opened  upon  a  narrow  plateau  lying 
in  front  of  it  and  from  which  the  rocky  wall  descended  almost  perpendicularly 
to  the  river.  It  could  be  reached,  though  with  difficulty,  from  above.  The 
uneven  floor  was  covered  to  a  thickness  of  4  or  5  feet  with  a  deposit  of  mud, 
sparingly  intermixed  with  rounded  fragments  of  chert.  In  the  removing  of 
this  deposit  the  bones  were  discovered.  The  skull  was  first  noticed,  placed 
nearest  to  the  entrance  of  the  cavern ;  and  further  in  were  the  other  bones  lying 
in  the  same  horizontal  plane.  Of  this  I  was  assured  in  the  most  positive  terms 
by  two  laborers  who  were  employed  to  clear,  out  the  grotto,  and  who  were  ques- 
tioned by  me  on  the  spot.  At  first  no  idea  was  entertained  of  the  bones  being 
human ;  and  it  was  not  till  several  weeks  after  their  discovery  that  they  were 
recognized  as  such  by  me  and  placed  in  security.  But,  as  the  importance  of 
the  discovery  was  not  at  the  time  perceived,  the  laborers  were  very  careless  in 
the  collecting  and  secured  chiefly  only  the  larger  bones;  and  to  this  circum- 
stance it  may  be  attributed  that  fragments  merely  of  the  probably  perfect 

skeleton  came  into  my  possession. 

» 

Fuhlrott  held  that  the  Neanderthal  bones  might  be  regarded  as 
"  fossil,"  by  which  he  possibly  meant  not  merely  mineralized,  but 

1  In  many  publications  the  date  is  erroneously  given  as  1857. 

-  Verhandl.  d.  naturhist,  Vereins*  der  preuss.  Rheinlande  und  Westphalens,  vol.  14. 
Bonn,  1857..  AlsoV'Zuf  KenntnisB  der  altesten  Rassenschadel,"  Miiller's  Archiv,  1858, 
p.  453  et  seq.  . 

3  lb.  Correspondenzblatt  No.  2.  The  above  follows  G.  Busks's  Translation  of  Schaaff- 
bausen's  "  On  the  crania  of  the  most  ancient  races  of  man,"  Nat.  Hist.  Review,  April 
1861. 

*  Near  Hochdal,  between  Elberfeld  and  Dusseldorf. 


28 


ANCIENT    HF.MAINS    OF    MAN IIRDLICKA. 


also  belonging  to  a  form  of  humanity  do  more  existing.    A  little  later 
Prof.  Schaaffhausen  arrived  at  the  following  conclusions:1 

First.  The  extraordinary  form  of  the  skull  was  duo  t<>  a  natural  conforma- 
tion, hitherto  not  known  to  exist  even  In  the  nmsl  barbarous  races.  Second. 
These  remarkable  human  remains  belonged  to  a  period  antecedent  1"  the  time 
of  the  Celts  and  (Jorinnns,  and  were  in  all  probability  derived  from  one  of  the 
wild  races  of  northwestern  Europe,  spoken  of  by  Latin  writers,  and  which 
were  encountered  as  autochthones  by  the  German  Immigrants.  And  third. 
It  was  beyond  doubt  that  these  human  relics  were  traceable  to  a  period  at 
which  the  latest  animals  of  the  Diluvium  still  existed;  thongh  no  proof  of 
this  assumption,  7ior  consequently  of  their  so-termed  fossil  condition,  was 
afforded  by  the  circumstances  under  which  the  bones  were  discovered. 

In  1800  the  Neanderthal  cave  was  visited,  in  company  with  Dr. 
Fuhlrott,  by  Lyell,  ayIio  made  a  sketch  of  the  locality  (fig.  3).  and 


,»  a   ,  » 


Fig. 3— Section  of  the  Neanderthal  Cave,  near  DOsseldorf.    (After  Lyell.) 

a.  Cavern  00  feet  above  tho  Dussel,  and  100  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  country  at  r. 

6.  Loam  covering  the  floor  of  the  cave,  near  the  bottom  of  -which  the  human  skeleton  was 
found. 

b,  c.  Rent  connecting  the  cava  with  tho  upper  surface  of  the  country. 

d.  Superficial  Bandy  loam. 

e.  Devonian  limestone. . 

/.  Terrace,  or  ledge  of  rock. 


W€   are  given    the    following 
covery  of  the  bones — 


additional  information:1  Since  the  dis- 


the  ledge  of  rock,  /.  on  which  the  cave  opened,  and  which  was  originally  20 

feel    wide,   bad  been  almost   entirely  quarried  away,   and,   al    the  rate  at    whieh 

the  work  of  dilapidation  was  proceeding,  its  complete  destruction  seemed  Dear 

at    hand. 

In  the  limestone  are  many  lissnres.  one  of  whlchj  Btill  partially  filled  with 
mini  and  slones,  IS  represented  in  the  section  al  <i  0  as  eonlinuoiis  from  the 
Cave  to  the  upper  surface  of  the  country..    *      *      * 

There  was  no  crusl  of  Btalagmlte  overlying  the  mud  In  which  the  human 

skeleton  was  found,  and  no  hones  of  olher  animals  in  tjie  mud  with  the  skele- 
ton; I. ul  just  before  our  visit  in  L80O  the  tusk  of  a  bear  had  been  mot  with  in 
some  mud  in  a  lateral  embranchment   of  the  Cave,  in  a  situation  precisely  sinii- 


•  i..  a 

-  Lyell,  sir  Charles. 

is?::,  p,  B0  I 


The  geological  evidence!  of  *  i »* -  antiquity  of 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA.  29 

lar  to  6,  figure  3,  and  on  a  level  corresponding  with  that  of  the  human  skeleton. 
This  tusk,  shown  us  by  the  proprietor  of  the  cave,  was  2|  inches  long  and 
quite  perfect;  but  whether  it  was  referable  to  a  recent  or  extinct  species  of 
bear,  I  could  not  determine. 

Following  the  early  notices  concerning  the  Neanderthal  cranium, 
and  before  other  specimens  of  similar  nature,  such  as  the  Spy, 
Gibraltar  and  others  became  known,  an  extensive  controversy 
arose  as  to  the  real  significance  of  the  find.  Virchow,1  and  after  him 
others,  were  at  first  inclined  to  look  upon  the  skull  as  pathological; 
to  Barnard  Davis2  its  sutures  appeared  to  show  premature  synosto- 
sis ;  while  Blake  3  and  his  followers  regarded  the  specimen  as  prob- 
ably proceeding  from  an  idiot.  But  there  were  also  those,  such  as 
Schaaffhausen,  Broca,  and  others,  who  from  the  beginning  saw  in  the 
cranium  (the  other  bones  received  at  first  but  little  attention)  not 
any  pathological  or  accidental  monstrosity,  but  a  peculiar,  thereto 
unknown  type  of  ancient  humanity.  Then  gradually  new  examples 
of  this  same  early  type  appeared  in  different  parts  of  Europe,  under 
circumstances  which  steadily  strengthened  the  claim  of  the  whole 
class  to  geological  antiquity;  and  when  eventually  a  thorough  com- 
parative study  of  the  Neanderthal  remains  was  carried  out  by  mod- 
ern methods  and  in  view  of  new  knowledge,  the  cranium  and  bones 
were  definitely  recognized  as  representing,  in  a  normal  and  most  char- 
acteristic way,  a  most  interesting  earlier  phase  or  variety  of  mankind, 
our  mid-quarternary  predecessor  or  close  relative  Homo  neander- 
thalensis.  The  credit  for  deserving  work  in  this  field  is  due  especially 
to  Prof.  G.  Schwalbe,  of  Strassburg,  whose  numerous  publications 
on  the  early  forms  of  human  remains  in  Europe  are  well  known  to 
every  anthropologist.4 

Notes  on  the  specimens. — The  remains  of  the  Neanderthal  skeleton 
are  preserved  in  the  Provincial  Museum  at  Bonn,  where,  due  to  the 
courtesy  of  the  director,  Prof.  Hans  Lehner,  the  writer  was  enabled 
to  examine  the  originals  and  later  have  them  photographed. 

The  skull  (pis.  14-16)  is  gray  in  color,  with  large  mud-brownish 
patches  on  the  outside,  and  whitish  gray  to  whitish  brown  on  the 
inside.  It  is  decidedly  heavy  and  mineralized.  It  is  plainly  non- 
pathological.  The  sagittal  suture  has  evidently  closed  earlier  than 
it  ordinarily  does  in  the  modern  man,  but  this  must  have  taken  place 
after  the  brain  ceased  to  influence  the  cranial  vault,  for  it  resulted 
in  no  deformation.     The  coronal  suture  is  obliterated   up   to   the 

iVircb^w,  R.  Untersuchung  des  Neanderthal-Schadels.  Zeit.  f.  Etbnol.,  vol.  4,  1872, 
Verhandl.  Berl.  Ges.  f.  Anthr.,  etc.,  pp.  157-165. 

2  Davis,  J.  Barnard.     The  Neanderthal  skull,  etc.,  London,  1864. 

3  Blake,  C.  Carter.  On  the  alleged  peculiar  characters  and  assumed  antiquity  of  the 
human  cranium  from  the  Neanderthal.  (Journ.  Anthrop.  Soc,  London,  vol.  2,  1864,  pp. 
139-157;  also  Mem.  Anthrop.  Soc,  London,  vol.  2,  1S66,  p.  74.) 

4  Those  especially  worthy  of  mention  in  this  connection  are  :  Uber  die  Schiidelformen 
der  jiltesten  Menschenrassen,  mit  besonderer  Beriicksichtigung  des  Schadels  von  Egisheim. 
Mitteilungen  der  philomathischen  Gesellschaft  in  Elsas-Lothringen.  5,  Jahrg.,  vol.  3,  1897. 
Derselbe  :  Der  Neandertalschadel.     Bonner  Jahrbucher,  Heft  106  ;  72  Stn.  1  Tafel,  1901. 


30  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA. 

temporal  ridges,  while  the  lambdoid  is  still  patent.  Similar  condi- 
tions to  these  are  not  seldom  met  with  in  the  skulls  of  persons  beyond 
the  fiftieth  year  of  life,  and  if  not  attended  by  scaphocephaly  or 
other  consequent  deformation,  can  not  be  regarded  as  abnormal.  The 
serration  of  the  lambdoid  suture  is  decidedly  simpler  than  in  the 
modern  human  skull. 

The  facial  and  basal  parts  are  lacking.  The  vault  shows  very  good 
dimensions  in  length  and  breadth,  but  is  strikingly  low^  and  the 
bones  are  considerably  thicker  than  in  the  white  man  of  to-day,  so 
that  the  brain  cavity  was  only  moderate. 

Besides  its  lowness  the  vault  is  characterized  by  a  very  decided 
protrusion  of  the  whole  supra-orbital  region.  The  supra-orbital  fore- 
structure  or  arch  formed  through  this  protrusion  is  heavier  than  In 
any  other  known  example  of  the  Homo  manderthdleTWs.  The  line 
from  glabella  to  the  naso-frontal  articulation  is  relatively  extensive 
and  passes  considerably  backward  besides  downward,  indicating 
a  very  marked  depression  at  the  root  of  the  nose,  not  unlike  that 
which  is  present  in  the  adult  gorilla.  Due  also  to  the  forward  ex- 
tension of  the  supra-orbital  arch,  the  upper  parts  of  the  planes  of 
the  orbits  face  very  perceptibly  downward,  while  in  present  man 
they  face  somewhat  upward  or  approach  the  vertical.  The  remark- 
able extent  of  the  protrusion  of  the  supra-orbital  region  may  be 
judged  by  the  fact  that  the  horizontal  distance  from  the  most  promi- 
nent point  of  the  glabella  to  the  nearest  point  on  the  ventral  surface 
of  the  lower  frontal  region  measures  3  cm.  The  frontal  process 
descends  deep  between  the  orbits  and  is  exceedingly  stout. 

The  forehead  is  very  low  and  also  slopes  markedly  backward. 
nevertheless  it  presents  a  moderately  well-defined  convexity.  Tho 
sagittal  region  is  oval  from  side  to  side,  much  like  thai  in  man  of 
to-day;  the  occiput,  however,  is  marked  by  a  relatively  high-  situa- 
tion of  the  crest  and  other  peculiarities.  The  outline  of  the  vault, 
as  looked  at  from  above,  is  a  long  ovoid.  The  thickness  of  the 
frontal  hone  at  the  eminences  is  B«5  mm.;  of  the  left   parietal,  along 

and  1  cm.  above  the  squamous  suture.  (I  to  s  mm.;  these  measurements 
are  about  one-third  greater  than  those  of  the  skull  of  an  average 
modern  European. 

The  principal  externa]  dimensions  of  the  cranium,  taken  carefully 
with  two  separate  instruments,  were  found  to  differ  slightly  from 
some  of  those   recorded,   but  agree  closely   with  those  of   Schwalbe. 

They  are: 

i 

The  greatest  length 20.  i 

The  greatest  breadth.  14.7 

Cephalic  Index ?::.  l 

Diameter  Frontal  minimum  10.  7 

Diameter  frontal  maximum i*-';'' 

Naslon-bregma  diameter    11.7 

Bregma-lambde  diameter 10.8 


Smithsonian  Report,  1913.— Hrdl 


The  Neanderthal  Skull.    Top  View. 
( Photographed  for  the  Smithsonian  Report  from  the  original.) 


Smithsonian  Report,  191  3. — Hrdlicka. 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA.  31 

The  internal  capacity  of  the  skull  has  been  estimated  by  Schaaff- 
hausen  at  1,033  c.  c,  by  Huxley  at  1,230  c.  c,  and  by  Schwalbe  at 
1,234  c.  c. 

The  brain  which  filled  the  skull  was  lower  and  narrower  and 
slightly  more  pointed  than  the  human  brain  of  to-day,  approaching 
in  these  features  more  the  anthropoid  form.  The  right  frontal 
lobe  was  slightly  larger  and  longer  than  the  left,  and  the  whole  right 
hemisphere  was  slightly  longer  than  that  of  the  opposite  side.  In 
the  present  man  it  is  generally  the  left  hemisphere  which  is  the 
longer,  but  this  exception  in  the  Neanderthal  man  is  not  necessarily 
of  any  special  significance. 

The  long  and  other  bones  of  the  skeleton  (pis.  17-18),  so  far  as  pre- 
served, show  many  features  of  anthropological  inferiority,  demon- 
strating plainly  that  not  merely  the  skull,  but  the  whole  body  of 
the  Neanderthal  man  occupied  a  lower  evolutionary  stage  than  that 
of  any  normal  human  being  of  the  historic  times.  However,  many 
of  the  details  on  these  points  are  technical  and  must  be  reserved  for 
another  publication.  The  bones  in  general  indicate  a  powerful 
musculature.  They  belong  doubtless  to  a  male  individual.  The 
stature  of  the  man  was  about  like  the  average  of  the  present  man 
in  central  Europe,  or  but  slightly  lower  (the  femora  indicate,  accord- 
ing to  Manouvrier's  scale,  approximately  165  cm.)1  The  thigh  bones, 
besides  presenting  a  powerful  neck  with  a  relatively  large  head,  show 
also  a  very  mesially  located  minor  condyle,  certain  peculiarities  of 
the  shaft,  a  small  but  distinct  suprapatellar  fossa  which  does  not 
exist  any  more  in  man  of  this  day,  and  a  slight  convexity,  espe- 
cially on  the  right,  of  the  popliteal  surface,  a  region  which  in  the 
present  man  is  as  a  rule  more  or  less  concave.  The  left  humerus 
shows  signs  of  an  injury  in  consequence  of  which  it  doubtless  re- 
mained much  weaker  than  the  right  bone.  The  proximal  end  of  the 
left  ulna  has  also  been  damaged  in  life.  The  radius  presents  a 
marked  functional  (nonpathological)  curvature. 

A  careful  examination  and  comparison  of  the  Neanderthal  skull 
and  bones  can  leave  only  one  impression  on  the  anatomist  or  anthro- 
pologist of  to-day,  which  is  that  while  individually  and  jointly  the 
various  parts  represent  a  human  being  already  far  advanced  above 
any  anthropoid,  they  are  still  in  many  respects  decidedly  more 
primitive  in  form — that  is^  on  a  lower  scale  of  evolution — than  the 
skull  and  bones  of  any  man  of  to-day. 

The  remains  are  unquestionably  the  most  precious  representatives 
of  the  important  phase  of  early  humanity  which  we  now  include 
under  the  name  of  Homo  neanderthalensis. 

1  Taking  all  the  long  bones  of  the  skeleton,  so  far  as  preserved,  into  consideration,  the 
calculated  stature  is  163.2  cm.  See  Boule,  M.,  Annales  de  Paleontologie,  vol.  7,  No.  2, 
1912,  p.  117 ;  also  Rahon,  These,  Paris,  1892 ;  and  Mem.  Soc.  d'Anthropol,  Paris,  vol.  4, 
1S93,  p.  403. 


32  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA. 

THE  SPY  SKELETONS. 

In  June  of  188G  Messrs.  Marcel  de  Puydt,  member  of  the  Archaeo- 
logical Institute  of  Liege,  and  Maximin  Lohest,  at  that  time  assistant 
of  geology  of  the  University  of  Liege,  discovered  in  the  terrace  front- 
ing a  certain  cave  at  Spy,  in  the  Province  of  Xamur,  Belgium,  the 
remains  of  two  human  skeletons  associated  with  the  debris  of  extinct 
Quaternary  animals.  The  discovery  was  immediately  brought  to 
the  attention  of  Prof.  J.  Fraipont,  of  the  Liege  University,  and  on 
the  HUh  of  August,  1880,  he  announced  the  important  find  to  the 
Congres  archeologique  of  Namur.  A  little  later  in  the  same  year 
.  Fraipont  ami  Lohest  published  an  account  of  the  discovery. 
with  a  description  of  the  human  remains,  in  the  Bulletins  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Belgium.1 

According  to  the  last-mentioned  account  there  existed  in  the 
eighties  in  the  community  of  Spy,  above  the  stream  Ornean  and  in 


%.  Cm**"- 


Fig.  i.— The  Si>y  Cave  and  Terrace.    (After  Fraipont  and  Lohest.) 
X  =  position  of  the  skeletal  remains  of  the  Spy  man. 

the  side  of  a  wooded  mountain,  a  cave,  in  which  de  Puydt  and  Lohest 
conducted  archaeological  explorations  since  August.  18&5  (fig.  4).  A 
large  teii  ace  situated  in  front  of  the  cave  had  not  been  methodically 

examined  until  L886,  and  it  was  during  excavations  in  this  terrace 
that  the  (wo  investigators  encountered,  in  June  of  lssc.  the  human 
remains  known  since  as  the  Spy  skeletons. 

The  human  bones  lav  in  the  lowest  parts  of  the  deposits,  one  f>. 
the  other  6  meters  in  front  of  the  entrance  to  the  cave.  They  repre- 
sented two  individuals.  One  of  these  lay  on  its  side,  the  hand  touch- 
ing the  lower  jaw  :  in  the  case  of  the  other  the  original  position  could 

not  be  determined. 

The  terrace  containing  the  Spy  skeletons  was  situated  1  !..'>  meters 
(47.S  feel)  al»o\c  (he  shallow  bed  of  (he  stream  running  at  (he  foot 
of  (he   mountain,   and   the   bones   lav   at    (he   depth   of    1-    feet    from 

1  ETralpont,  J.,  and  m.  Lohest  La  hum  bumaina  da  Neanderthal  m  da  Canatadl  an 
Belgique.  Bulletin!  da  I'Acadamle  BoyaJe  as  Belffiqus,  :;d  series,  vol.  L8,  1884,  pp. 
Til   784. 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA. 


33 


the  surface.  The  accumulations  which  formed  the  terrace  included 
calcareous  debris,  various  archeological  traces  of  man's  presence,  and 
numerous  remains  of  fossil  animals.  They  could  be  separated  into 
several  strata,  none  of  which  showed  any  perceptible  disturbance. 

The  layer  in  which  the  human  skeletons  were  inclosed  yielded  also 
bones  of  the  following  fossil  Quaternary  mammals: 

Rhinoceros  tichorhmits  (abundant). 
Equus  cadallus  (very  abundant). 
Cervus  elaphus  (rare). 
Cervus  tarandus  (very  rare). 
Bos  primigenius  (fairly  abundant). 
Elephas  primigenius  (common). 
Ursus  spelcEus  (rare). 
Meles  Taxus  (rare). 
Hycena  spekea  (abundant). 

This  layer  further  contained  a  sliver  of  an  animal  bone  which 
showed  a  crude  adaptation  for  use,  and  worked  stones  of  inferior 
workmanship,  referable  to  the  Mousterian  period.  The  layer  imme- 
diately above,  undoubtedly  of  lesser  age,  gave  besides  the  bones  of 
similar  fossil  animals  also  those  of  a  few  living  species,  several  thou- 
sand worked  flints,  some  of  which  still  of  the  Mousterian  type, 
many  worked  bones  including  arrow  points,  and  also  fragments  of 
pottery. 

Considering  the  animal  and  archaeological  remains  associated  with 
the  human  skeletons,  together  with  the  absence  of  disturbance  in  the 
superimposed  more  recent  layers,  Lohest  believed  himself  justified  to 
refer  the  Spy  remains  to  the  Mousterian  period ;  and  the  deductions 
of  Fraipont,  based  on  the  study  of  the  skeletal  remains  themselves, 
were  that  they  belonged  to  the  Neanderthal  man.  Since  then  the  Spy 
remains  have  received  careful  consideration  by  every  student  of  early 
man  and  the  above  classification  was  found  to  need  no  radical 
revision. 

What  remains  of  the  Spy  skeletons  is  preserved  *  in  the  collections 
of  the  University  of  Liege,  where,  thanks  to  the  courtesies  of  Messrs. 
M.  Lohest,  Charles  Fraipont  and  J.  Servais,  the  writer  was  enabled 
to  examine  the  originals. 

The  skeletons  are  currently  known  as  No.  1  and  No.  2.  The  remains 
of  No.  1  comprise  the  vault  of  the  skull ;  two  portions  of  the  upper 
jaw,  with  five  molars  and  four  other  teeth ;  a  nearly  complete  lower 
jaw,  with  all  (16)  teeth;  the  left  clavicle;  the  right  humerus,  which 
has  lost  its  upper  epiphysis,  and  the  shaft  of  the  left  humerus;  the 
left  radius,  without  lower  epiphysis;  the  heads  of  the  two  ulna?;  a 
nearly  complete  right  femur;  the  complete  left  tibia;  and  the  right 
os  calcis.  The  parts  that  have  been  identified  as  belonging  to  the 
second  subject  are  the  vault  of  the  skull,  two  portions  of  the  upper 

1  Was,  up  to  the  invasion  in  1914. 
30249°— 16 3 


34  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HHDUCKA. 

maxilla  with  teeth,  two  fragments  of  the  lower  jaw  with  teeth,  some 
loose  teeth  belonging  to  the  lower  jaw,  fragments  of  the  scapulas  and 
left  clavicle,  imperfect  humeri,  the  shaft  of  the  right  radius,  portions 
of  the  ulna?,  the  left  femur  without  its  lower  extremity,  the  left  os 
calcis,  and  the  left  astragalus.  The  separation  as  here  given  needs, 
however,  a  careful  revision.  Besides  the  above,  there  are  a  number  of 
vertebra?  and  small  bones  of  hands  and  feet  about  which  it  is  im- 
possible to  say  to  which  skeleton  they  belong. 

All  the  skeletal  pieces  show  an  advanced  state  of  mineralization. 
In  color  they  range  from  brownish  to  dark  grayish,  skull  No.  1  repre- 
senting the  former  and  No.  2  the  latter  shading;  the  teeth,  however, 
are  quite  white,  with  yellowish  roots,  much  as  in  crania  from  rela- 
tively modern  burials. 

The  bones  of  skeleton  No.  1  are  in  general  weaker  than  those  of 
Nil  2,  but  whether  this  is  due  to  sexual  difference  of  the  two  indi- 
viduals, or  is  merely  accidental,  is  difficult  to  determine.  No.  2 
was  of  a  decidedly  powerful  musculature.  The  stature  of  the  Spy 
man.  so  far  as  it  can  be  determined  from  these  remaining  bone.-,  was 
slightly  less  than  that  of  the  Neanderthal  man  and  somewhat  below 
the  medium  of  white  man  of  central  Europe  of  the  present  day. 

The  bones  of  the  vault  in  the  two  skulls  are  thicker  than  in  the 
average  man  of  the  present  day,  though  slightly  less  so  than  in  the. 
Neanderthal  cranium.  The  sutures  in  both  are  patent  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  coronal  in  No.  1,  which  shows  commencement  of  oblit- 
eration ;  their  serration  is  very  simple. 

The  two  skulls  are  plainly  normal  specimens,  free  from  disease  or 
deformation,  and  belonged  to  adults,  approaching  in  No.  1  middle 
age,  while  No.  2  was  younger.  Somatologically  they  are  remarkable 
for  their  important  resemblances  as  well  as  differences.  They  belong 
to  one  type,  but  represent  individual  variations  of  this  type  that 
stand  far  apart 

No.  1  (pis.  19-20)  is  almost  a  replica  of  the  Neanderthal  cranium. 
There  is  a  similarly  prominent,  though  not  quite  as  heavy,  supra: 
orbital  arch;  the  forehead  is  even  a  trace  lower  and  a  trace  more 
sloping  than  in  the  Neanderthal  skull,  and  the  general  shape  ^(  the 
vault  is  much  the  same.  The  vault  is  also  very  low.  but  the  sagittal 
region  shows  a  slightly  more  perceptible  elevation  than  that  in  the 
Neanderthal  specimen  (fig.  5). 

Skull  No.  2  on  the  other  hand,  while  possessing  similar  prominent 
supra-orbital  arch  as  Xo.  1,  has  a  considerably  higher  and  more  con- 
vex forehead,  the  whole  vault  is  higher  as  well  as  more  spacious, 
and    the    form    approaches    in    many    respects    that    in    modern    man 

(pi.  21).    The  brain  cavity  in  Xo.  1  is  anteriorly  low  and  relatively 

narrower,  as  well  as  somewhat   more  pointed,  than  in  recent   human 

crania:  in  Xo.  2  these  features  are  also  more  like  those  in  the  present 

man. 


Smithsonian  Report,  1  91  3. — Hrdlicka. 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDE1CKA. 


35 


36  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HKDLICKA. 

On  the  whole  it  may  be  said  that  No.  2,  while  in  some  respects  still 
very  primitive,  represents  morphologically  a  decided  step  from  the 
Neanderthaloid  to  the  present-day  type  of  the  human  cranium. 


Fig.  0.— Superposition  of  Norma  vkrticai.is  Of  tiie  SrY  No.  1  and  No.  2,  and  the  Neanderthal 

CRANIA. 

Neanderthal.  Spy  No.  1.  Spy  No.  2. 

The  lower  jaw  of  No.  1  (pis.  19,  22),  while  yet  of  a  primitive  form, 
possesses  nevertheless  already  a  trace  of  the  chin  prominence,  and  in 
size  ;in<l  anatomical  characteristics  is  closer  to  the  present-day  form 


5  z 

>       3 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OP    MAN HRDLICKA.  37 

than  any  of  the  other  known  lower  jaws  dating  from  the  Mousterian 
period ;  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  teeth  which,  though  considerably 
worn,  were  evidently  much  like  human  teeth  of  to-day. 

The  outline  of  the  two  skulls  when  viewed  from  above  is  a  long 
ovoid  in  No.  1,  a  shorter  ovoid  in  No.  2  (fig.  6).  The  principal  di- 
mensions of  the  two  specimens  as  secured  by  the  writer  are  as 
follows : 

No.  1.  No.  2. 

Cm.  Cm. 

Length,  maximum,  from  glabella 20.3  20  (?) 

Length  from  ophryon 18.8  18.6 

Breadth  maximum 14.7  15.4 

Cephalic  index 72.4  LTt 

Diameter  frontal  minimum 10.3  10.9 

Nasion  bregma  diameter 10.6        (?) 

Diameter  bregma-lambda 11.3  10.8 

Mm.  Mm. 
Thickness  of  the  left  parietal  along  and  1  cm.  above  the  squa- 
mous suture 6to8  5to8 

Thickness  of  the  frontal  at  the  eminences 9  8 

Cm.  Cm. 

Height  of  lower  jaw  at  symphisis 3.55  

Thickness  at  symphisis  (excluding  genial  tubercle) *"  1.3  

Thickness  at  second  molar 1.5  al.  4 

Maximum  thickness  (opposite  third  molar) 1.7  1.6 

A  careful  consideration  of  the  evidence  presented  by  the  two 
crania  leads  the  writer  to  a  slightly  modified  conclusion  from  the  one 
generally  accepted.  The  specimens  are  justly  classified  with  the 
Homo  neanderthalensis ;  but  the  characteristics  of  the  lower  jaw,  the 
rising  sagittal  region  in  No.  1,  and  the  whole  shape  of  No.  2,  barring 
the  supraorbital  arch,  indicate  a  morphological  advancement  in  the 
direction  of  the  present  type  of  man  suclTas TsTnot  met  with  in  other 
examples  of  Homo  neanderthalensis.  The  crania,  and  particularly 
No.  2,  may  be  justly  regarded,  it  seems,  as  approaching  transitional 
forms  from  the  more  typical  older  Neanderthal  type  toAvard  that 
which  we  now  know  from  the  Aurignacean  and  perhaps  lower  Solu- 
trean  epochs,  such  as  the  Homo  aurignacensis  and  the  man  of 
Pfedmost. 

Remarks  on  other  skeletal  parts  from  the  Spy  terrace  will  be 
limited  to  those  of  skeleton  No.  2,  the  parts  representing  skeleton 
No.  1  being  fewer  in  number  and  for  the  most  part  very  defective. 
The  bones  of  No.  2  are  massive  and  show  many  primitive  features,  in 
which  they  approach  closely  to  the  skeleton  from  the  Neanderthal 
cave.  The  femur  is  equally  characterized  by  very  stout  neck  and 
large  head,  the  popliteal  space  is  still  slightly  convex  from  side  to 

1  Approximately.  -  Fragment. 


38  ANCIENT    BEMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA. 

side.  There  is  no  isolated  suprapatellar  fossa  as  in  the  Neanderthal 
femur,  but  the  ordinary  lower  suprapatellar  depression  is  very  pro- 
nounced. The  curvatures  of  the  femur,  the  characteristics  of  its 
condyles,  and  the  marked  backward  inclination  of  the  internal 
condyle  of  the  tibia,  differ  all  more  or  less  from  similar  features  in 
modern  man  and  indicate  habits  of  posture  that  have  since  been 
abandoned.  The  right  femur  (left  broken)  measures  in  bicondylar 
length  42.4  cm.,  in  maximum  length,  42.6 ;  while  the  relatively  short 
left  tibia  measures,  less  the  spine,  33.3  cm.  These  dimensions  cor- 
respond according  to  Manouvrier's  tables  to  the  stature  of  161.1  cm. 
for  the  femur  and  157  cm.  for  the  tibia,  or  about  159  cm.  (a  little 
over  5  feet  3  inches)  for  the  two  bones  together.  The  right  femur 
of  the  Neanderthal  skeleton,  measured  in  the  same  manner^  gave  the 
writer  43.7,  the  left  43.9  cm.,  which  shows  that  the  Spy  man  was  in  all 
probability  somewhat  shorter.  Prof.  Boule,  in  his  Annales  de  Pale- 
ontologie,  (vol.  7,  1912,  p.  117),  estimates  the  stature  of  the  Spy 
man  as  identical  (or  1  millimeter  higher)  with  that  of  the  Neander- 
thal man,  but  this  is  evidently  based  on  erroneous  data  concerning 
the  length  of  the  bones.  However,  even  the  most  precise  estimates 
in  this  line  can  only  be  gross  though  useful  approximations,  for  we 
know  but  little  of  the  length  of  the  trunk  in  these  skeletons,  and  the 
posture  of  the  body  in  the  early  representatives  of  humanity  was 
probably  less  erect  than  it  is  in  man  to-day. 

The  remaining  bones  of  the  Spy  skeletons  show  various  anatomical 
peculiarities  and  secondary  primitive  features,  but  these  call  for  a 
technical  description  and  comparisons.  A  rather  unexpected  condi- 
tion, found  since  in  other  skeletons  of  Homo  neanderthalensis,  is  the 
relative  shortness  of  the  forearms,  as  well  as  the  legs.  The  radius 
shows  a  marked  nonpathological  curvature;  and  there  are  a  number 
of  interesting  characteristics  on  the  astragalus,  which  has  recently 
been  studied  with  much  detail  by  the  son  of  Julien  Fraipont.1 

The  region  that  has  given  us  the  Spy  skeletons  has  yielded  no  addi- 
tional remains  of  similar  nature,  but  the  terrain  can  scarcely  be  re- 
garded as  exhausted  by  exploration. 

1  The  following  works  may  be  consulted  In  this  connection  : 

Julien  Fraipont  et  M.  Lohest,  Becherchea  wax  les  osseuients  humnlns  deeouverts  dans 
lea  depots  quaternalrea  d'nne  grotte  ft  Spy  et  determination  de  lour  Age  geologlqaa. 
Archives  de  Mologie,  tome  »;,  Qand.  1887;  rralpetrt,  .1.-  La  tibia  dana  u  moa  da 
Neanderthal.  Itevue  d'authropologie,  Paris,  Sd  series,  vol.  ■',  1888,  p,  lifl  et  seq. 
KlaatBcta,  n.  Erg.  <i.  Anat.  a.  BntwlckelungBgeacb,  Bd!  '■>.  L899  Darselbe,  i>ie  wlcbtigateo 
Variationea  am  Bkeleti  der  Cralen  anteran  Bbttremttftt  dee  ftfetnehea  and  Hue  Bedeotang 
fUr  das  Abstnmmuogsproblem.  ihhi.,  Bd.  m.  1800;  Fraipont,  Cbarlea— L'aatragale  de 
I'Homme  Mouaterlen  de  Spy:  sea  afflnitaa.  Bailetto  <ie  la  Boctete"  d'Antbropologle  de 
Bruxelles,  vol.  Bl,  mvj,  pp,  1-80,  :'.  pis.;  do,  Sm-  I'lmportanea  dea  oat£ctec«a  a* 
I'aatragale  Cbea  l'llomme  fosslle.  These,  Unlvers.  de  Liege,  8°,  UruxelUs.  I'.n.i,  pp. 
I   66,  6  pis. 


Smithsonian  Report,   1  91  3.— Hrdlicka 


The  Lower  Jaw  of  Spy  Skull  No.  1. 

(After  Fraipont  and  Lohest.) 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OP    MAN HRDLICKA. 

THE  DILUVIAL  MAN  OF  KRAPINA. 


39 


One  of  the  most  important  finds  relating  to  the  Homo  neandertha- 
lensis  is  unquestionably  that  of  the  Krapina  cave,  in  northern  Croa- 
tia. It  comprises  a  whole  series  of  human  bones  of  well-determined 
age,  and  the  remains  were  not  recovered  accidentally  or  by  ignorant 
laborers,  but  through  prolonged,  painstaking  exploration.  The  bones 
themselves  are  for  the  most  part  fragmentary,  which  is  much  to  be 
regretted,  but  they  represent  numerous  individuals,  and  they  show 
on  one  hand  such  similarities  and  on  the  other  such  variation  of 


Fig   7.— A  schematic  view,  in  transverse  section,  of  the  Krapina  hollow.    (After  Gorjanovic" 

Kramberger.) 

M.  S.  =  Mediterranean  sandstone:  I,  the  lower  deposits,  mostly  pebbles  (a)  and 
aluvium  (b),  with  fireplaces  (x)  and  some  large  pieces  of  sandstone  (y);  II,  the 
upper  strata,  composed  of  disintegrated  rock  and  (c1,  c«)  cultural  remains. 

structure,  that  they  are  of  the  greatest  value  to  the  student  of  ancient 
humanity. 

The  Krapina  cave  or  more  properly  rock  shelter,  is  an  ancient,  not 
very  deep  hollow,  worn  out  in  sandstone  rock  by  the  small  stream 
Krapinica,  and  subsequently  filled  with  water-worn  stones  and  al- 
luvia brought  in  during  overflows  of  the  stream,  together  with  detri- 
tus resulting  from  the  decomposing  rock  (fig.  7).  Since  the  forma- 
tion of  the  hollow,  the  Krapinica  has  cut  its  channel  so  that  it  now 


40  ANCIENT   REMAINS    OF    MAN HBDUCKA. 

flows  82  feet  (25  meters)  below  the  cave.  Before  and  while  the 
shelter  was  being  filled  up  it  was  utilized  by  the  early  man  of  the 
region,  at  first  but  occasionally,  later  for  some  time  perhaps  con- 
tinuously, and  the  accumulations  in  the  cave  were  augmented  by  the 
remains  of  fireplaces,  by  refuse  including  many  primitive  stone  im- 
plements and  rejects  as  well  as  animal  bones,  and  also  by  numerous 
human  bones  in  more  or  less  fragmentary  condition. 

The  locality  became  known  in  1895,  after  two  Croatian  teacher* 
discovered  in  the  superficial  deposits  of  the  cave  some  teeth  of  rhi- 
noceros and  fragments  of  other  fossil  bones.  These  finds  were 
brought  to  the  attention  of  some  of  the  scientific  men  at  Zagreb 
(Agram),  but  no  thorough  examination  of  the  site  was  undertaken 
until  1899.  In  that  year  the  place  was  visited  by  Dr.  K.  Gorjanovic- 
Kramberger,  professor  of  geology  and  paleontology  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Zagreb  and  the  director  of  the  geological  division  of  the 
Narodni  Muzej  of  Zagreb,  Croatia;  and  on  excavation  it  was  soon 
found  that  the  Krapina  hollow  was  in  all  probability  one  of  the 
stations  of  early  man  and  as  such  deserved  a  thorough  exploration. 
Such  exploration  was  begun  without  delay  and  was  carried  on,  with 
some  interruptions,  until  1905,  when  the  contents  of  the  shelter 
became  exhausted. 

The  careful  explorations  just  referred  to  yielded  quantities  of 
precious  paleontological  and  paleoanthropological  material,  which 
now  fill  several  cases  of  the  National  Croatian  Museum;  and  much 
of  this  material  has  since  been  thoroughly  described  by  Prof.  Gor- 
janovic-Kramberger  and  reported  in  numerous  publications.1 

The  collections  consist  of  several  thousands  of  various,  fossil  animal 
bones,  mostly  fragmentary,  but  some  well  preserved ;  of  hundreds 
of  stone  flakes  the  rejects  of  stone  manufacture,  and  of  stone  imple- 
ments; and  of  parts  of  human  bones  proceeding  from  at  least  14 
skeletons. 

The  animal  bones  represent  either  totally  extinct  forms  or  spe- 
cies now  extinct  in  Croatia.  The  most  common  are  those  of  Rhinoc- 
eros .Verckii,  Ursus  spelaeu*.  and  Bos  primigeniw.  By  these  re- 
mains the  age  of  the  deposits  has  been  determined  as  earlier  Diluvial 
(i.  e.  interglaoial) ,  corresponding  in  all  probability  t<>  the  latter  pari 
of  the  Mousterian  culture  epoch  in  western  Europe.  The  stone  im- 
plements belong  to  the  Mousterian  and  earlier  types. 

Due  to  the  courtesy  of  Prof.  Gorjanovie-Kiainbeiiit  r  ami  Dr.  F. 
Sulje,  of  the  GfeologioaJ  Division  at  the  Narodui  Muzej  in  Zagreb. 
the  write)-  wa-  privileged,  in  June,  1!»1-J,  to  examine  the  Krapina 
originals.    This  was  not  done  with  any  need  or  hope  of  adding  any- 

1  Particularly  in   tbe  large  Cnonograpb,  i>y  K.  Oorjanoyld-STramberger :  "  Der  Dlluviale 

Menwh  von  Krapina  In   Knmt  i.  n."    I,  Wi.sl.iulrn.    1906*  pp     1    -77.  ."._'  DffB.,    II   pis.     This 

memoir  Lnclodei  ail  literature  on  the  subject  op  to  1906. 


Smithsonian  Report,   1  91  3. — Hrdlicka 


Plate  23. 


Krapina  Skull  "C."    Front  View. 
(After  Gorjanovi<3-Krarnberger.) 


Smithsonian  Report.  191  3.— Hrdlicka. 


Plate  25. 


Photograph  of  the  Remains  of  Krapina  Skull  "C,"  from  Above. 
(After  Gorjanovic-Kramberger.) 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA.  41 

thing  to  Prof.  Gorjanovic-Kramberger's  thorough  description  of  the 
specimens,  but  rather  because  the  view  and  handling  of  the  original 
objects  in  a  case  of  this  importance  is  a  rare  treat  which  helps  to  fix 
in  the  mind,  more  than  any  description  could,  their  extraordinary 
characteristics. 

The  human  bones  are,  for  the  most  part,  in  fragments.  Notwith- 
standing their  defective  condition,  however,  the  collection  impresses 
the  student  most  forcibly  by  its  scientific  importance.  As  in  the  case 
of  the  Mauer  jaw  and  a  number  of  other  specimens  derived  from 
early  man  in  Europe,  the  material  bears  the  unmistakable  stamp 
of  genuineness  and  preciousness  to  anthropology,  impressions  which 
are  wanting  in  the  case  of  so  many  of  the  finds  that  are  merely  urged 
as  ancient. 

The  bones  represent,  as  already  mentioned,  the  remains  of  at  least 
14  individuals  of  both  sexes,  ranging  from  childhood  to  ripe  adult 
age.  The  fragmentation  of  the  skulls  (pis.  23-25)  lower  jaws  and 
some  of  the  long  bones  is  excessive,  and  of  such  a  nature  as  to  sug- 
gest that  it  was  caused  otherwise  than  by  accidental  breaking  or 
crushing.  A  number  of  the  fragments  show  also  the  effects  of  burn- 
ing, and  one  specimen,  a  portion  of  the  supraorbital  part  of  a  frontal, 
presents  some  cuts.  These  different  conditions,  together  with  the 
absence  of  many  parts  of  the  skulls  and  bones,  with  total  lack  of 
association  of  the  fragments  and  the  commingling  of  the  human  with 
the  animal  bones,  led  Gorjanovic-Kramberger  to  the  opinion  that  the 
remains  represent  the  leavings  of  occasional  cannibalistic  feasts  and 
are  not  burials. 

The  Krapina  bones  are  whitish,  yellowish,  or  light  brownish  in 
color.  They  are  not  of  great  weighty  but  a  chemical  examination  has 
shown  that  they  are  much  altered  in  constitution,  particularly  in  the 
fluorine-phosphates  proportions.  They  may  be  roughly  divided 
into  the  parts  representing  the  vault  of  the  skull;  the  jaws  and  the 
teeth ;  and  other  bones  of  the  skeleton  than  the  cranium. 

The  long  and  other  bones  of  the  skeleton,  relatively  less  interesting 
than  the  skulls  and  jaws,  show  the  Krapina  man  to  have  been,  as 
compared  with  central  European  white  man  of  to-day,  of  moderate 
stature,  and  outside  of  the  powerful  jaws,  of  strong  though  not  ex- 
cessive muscular  development.  Some  individuals  were  very  percep- 
tibly weaker  than  others.  As  to  form,  particularly  in  the  upper  ex- 
tremities, the  bones  in  general  are  perceptibly  more  modern  in  type 
than  those  of  the  Neanderthal  or  Spy  man,  nevertheless  they  present, 
as  well  shown  by  Prof.  Gorjanovic-Kramberger,  numerous  and  im- 
portant primitive  features. 

The  fragments  of  the  skulls  show  that  the  bones  of  the  vault  were 
considerably  thicker  than  they  are  in  the  white  man  of  to-day.  The 
crania  were  of  good  size  externally,  but  the  brain  cavities  were  prob- 


42 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN 11  HP! 


ably  below  the  present  average.    The  vault  of  the  .skull  was  of  good 
length  and  at  the  same  time  fairly  broad,  so  that  the  cephalic  index, 


3  * 

g| 

us    t3 

>  Ss 

8  | 
,3 

o   o 


i  s 


at  Least  in  some  of  the  individuals,  was  more  elevated  than  usual  in 
the  crania  of  early  man  (fig.  8).    They  were  also  characterised,  as  the 


Smithsonian  Report,   1913.— Hrdli 


Plate  26. 


Krapina  Lower  Jaw  "H."     b.  Krapina  Lower  Jaw  "I. 

(After  (iorjanovic-Kramberger.) 


Smithsonian  Report,  1913. — Hrdlicka 


/ 

-* 

ft*  1 

XL^   * 

.  .>■-*.  ?.-;.  y 

a.  Krapina  Lowcr  Jaw  "H,"  from  Approximately  a  1  3-Year-Old  Child. 
6,  Krapina  Lower  Jaw  "C,"  fhom  Above. 
•m.\  h'  Crambei 


Smithsonian  Report,  1  91  3. — HrdiicUs 


Plate  28. 


©    §    9    $    & 


%    W     £) 


A  Number  of  the  Krapina  Teeth,  More  or  Less  Enlarged. 

1,  permanent  median  upper  incisor  from  a  small  child:  la,  the  same,  greater  enlargement;  2,  per- 
manent upper  canine,  root  not  as  yet  fully  developed;  3,  permanent  anterior  lower  premolar,  nghl 
side:  3a,  the  same  in  greater  enlargement:  4,  permanent  second  (?)  upper  molar:  6,  permanent 
lower  left  second  molar;  6,  permanent  left  lower  first  molar;  6a,  the  same,  much  enlarged;  7,  per- 
manent upper  median  incisor,  edge  worn  off;  8,  the  same;  9,  lateral  upper  permanent  incisor:  10.  the 
same:  11,  a  third  permanent  molar;  lla.thesameingreaterenlargement:  l-.»,  the  left  lower  permanent 
second  molar;  12a,  the  same  much  more  enlarged;  13,  the  right  permanent  second  molar:  13a,  the 
same  in  greater  enlargement;  14,  a  third  permanent  molar;  11a.  the  same  in  greater  enlargement: 
15.  a  permanent  third  molar;  15a,  the  same.  (From  Gorjanovic-Kramberger  Mitth.  Anthrop.  Ges. 
WienXXXf.) 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA.  43 

Neanderthal  and  other  crania  of  the  man  from  the  Mousterian  epoch, 
by  lowness  of  the  vault,  and  in  every  instance  among  the  adults  by  a 
pronounced,  complete  supraorbital  arc.  The  last-named  feature, 
though  less  marked,  is  plainly  distinguishable  even  in  the  children. 
Its  invariable  presence  is  a  definite  proof  of  the  fact,  not  quite  well 
established  before,  that  this  arc  was  up  to  a  certain  phase  of  the 
Quaternary  period  a  regular  characteristic  of  the  early  man  of  a 
large  part  of  Europe. 

A  number  of  interesting  features  are  presented  by  the  fragments 
of  the  temporals.  The  mastoids  are  less  developed  than  in  man  of 
to-day,  approaching  correspondingly  the  anthropoid  form.  They 
are  rather  slender  and  small,  even  in  the  adult  male.  The  tympanic 
ring,  on  the  other  hand,  is  massive;  and  the  glenoid  fossae  are  not 
horizontal  or  nearly  so,  as  in  man  of  to-day,  but  are  very  perceptibly 
slanting  in  such  a  manner  that  their  distal  end  is  decidedly  higher 
than  the  mesial.  Many  of  these  features  connect  the  Krapina  man 
directly  or  indirectly  with  earlier  primate  forms,  and  have  since  be- 
come largely  reduced  or  eliminated  in  the  human  skull. 

The  jaws  (pis.  26,  27)  and  teeth,  like  other  cranial  parts,  present 
many  marks  of  less  advanced  stage  of  evolution.  The  lower  jaws  in 
particular  are  very  interesting.  The  symphisis  or  fore  part  of  these 
bones,  while  possessing  already  a  faint  trace  of  the  future  chin  emi- 
nence, slopes  invariably  more  or  less  downward  and  backward,  thus 
approaching  the  form  of  the  mandible  in  apes  (pis.  26,  27).  The 
bones  are  massive  and  in  males  very  high.  They  are  akin  to  the  lower 
jaws  of  the  La  Quina  and  La  Chapelle  skulls,  and  represent  de- 
cidedly more  primitive  forms  than  the  mandibular  of  any  man  of 
historic  times,  though  they  are  considerably  nearer  to  the  modern 
type  than  the  jaw  of  Mauer. 

Of  the  upper  maxilla  there  are  eight  or  nine  imperfect  speci- 
mens, the  majority  from  young  subjects.  They  differ  in  develop- 
ment and  conformation,  but  primitive  characteristics  are  numerous. 
One  of  the  best-preserved  fragments,  marked  "  E "  or  "  19 "  pro- 
ceeding probably  from  a  male  adolescent  and  representing  the  part 
of  the  jaw  from  the  right  median  incisor  to  the  left  second  pre- 
molar, shows  considerable  height  of  the  bone,  a  straight  and  consid- 
erably prognathic  alveolar  process,  a  very  spacious  high  palate,  pro- 
nounced subnasal  fossae,  and  broad  nasal  aperture. 

The  teeth  of  the  Krapina  man  offer  numerous  peculiarities  most 
of  which  point  to  lower  stages  of  differentiation  (pi.  28).  They  are 
in  general  very  perceptibly  larger  than  those  of  the  modern  white 
man;  their  roots,  especially,  are  longer;  and  there  are  various  de- 
tails of  form,  particularly  in  the  crowns  of  the  incisors  and  molars, 
some  of  which  are  related  to  anthropoid  features.  Notwithstanding 
these  facts,  the  Krapina  teeth,  and  particularly  the  canines,  are  on 
the  whole  relatively  near  those  of  present  man. 


44  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HltDLICKA. 

Taking  everything  into  consideration,  it  is  evident  that  the  diluvial 
man  of  Krapina  represents  a  group  belonging  to  the  family  of  the 
Homo  neanderthalensis.  He  is  very  ancient  and  in  many  respects 
anatomically  primitive,  though  he  also  shows  in  various  details  an 
advancement  toward  the  actual  human  form;  and  we  can  readily 
adopt  Prof.  Gorjanovic-Kramberger's  opinion  that  morphologically 
the  Krapina  man  is  not  any  special,  collateral,  and  extinct  branch  of 
the  genus  Homo,  but  more  probably  a  direct  and  not  excessively  far 
distant  ancestor  of  the  Homo  sapiens. 

THE  PLEISTOCENE  MAN  OF  JERSEY  (ENGLAND). 

In  1910  Messrs.  Nicolle  and  Sinel,  of  the  Island  of  Jersey,  gate 
notice  in  Man  and  in  a  bulletin  of  the  Jersey  Society,1  of  the  dis- 
covery in  an  old  cave  on  the  Island  of  Jersey  of  twelve  highly  in- 
teresting human  teeth,  belonging  to  a  man  of  the  Mousterian  epoch. 
The  principal  details  of  the  find,  according  to  the  clear  account  pre- 
sented by  the  two  authors  and  confirmed  by  the  writer's  observations 
on  the  spot,  are  as  follows : 

The  cave  where  the  ancient  human  remains  were  found  is  known 
as  La  Cotte,  or  La  Cotte  de  St.  Brelade,  and  is  situated  in  a  rough 
irregular  cliff  near  the  eastern  horn  of  St.  Brelade's  Bay,  Jersey. 
At  this  part  of  the  island  granite  rocks,  considerably  weathered  and 
broken,  rise  steeply  to  about  200  feet  above  mean  tide  level,  the  shore 
at  their  base  being  covered  with  accumulations  of  large,  rounded, 
waterworn  bowlders  (pis.  29-31). 

In  one  part  of  these  cliffs  there  is  an  irregular  rough  ravine  or 
gorge,  about  40  feet  in  width,  which  penetrates  inland  about  1">0 
feet.  The  side  walls  of  this  ravine  are,  in  a  large  part,  quite  ver- 
tical, and  in  the  base  of  these  walls  on  the  left,  near  the  upper  ter- 
minus of  the  gorge,  is  a  large  cave  which  bears  the  above  name. 

Before  its  exploration,  the  La  Cotte  cave  was  nearly  filled  by  flay, 
bowlders,  and  blocks  fallen  from  the  much-weathered  root',  and 
rubble  drift  in  the  form  of  a  steeply  sloping  talus  lay  in  front,  ob- 
scuring a  large  portion  of  the  mouth.  Kemoval  of  this  drift  re- 
vealed the  outline  of  the  opening  in  the  form  of  an  irregular  arch 
(pi.  31). 

The  first  indication  that  the  cave  had  once  been  utilized  by  man 
dates  from  1881,  when  two  local  naturalists,  while  " geologizing M  on 
that  part  of  the  coast,  found  a  flint  implement  at  the  tooi  of  the 
talus,  and,  tracing  its  source,  came  upon  a  slightly  exposed  section 
of  the  cave  floor.  There  they  found  Hint  chippingS,  and  one  or  two 
bones,  apparently  of  a  large  bird,  but  no  Importance  was  attached 
to  the  discovery.    About  L894,  two  memberi  of  the  Soe'n'te  Jersiaise, 

'Nicolle,  i:.  i'..  apd  J.  Blnel  Beport  <ni  the  exploration  >>f  the  palaeolithic  care 
dwelling  known  :i*  i.a  Cbtta;  si.  Brelade,  Jersey.     (Ma*,  voi.  lb,  1910,  Wo.  102,  pp.  186- 

188.     Beprlnted  In  86«   l'.ull.-tin  di>  '.a  SoctftS  Jorsialse,  Jersey,  p.  89.  i 


'  .'." 

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ANCIENT    EEMAINS    OF    MAN HKDLICKA.  45 

Mr.  R.  Colson  and  Dr.  Chappuis,  excavated  a  portion  of  the  ex- 
posed floor  section  of  the  cave  and  found  a  considerable  number  of 
flint  implements  and  besides  that  a  quantity  of  bone  breccia,  which 
contained  one  tooth  and  one  metatarsal  of  a  variety  of  horse. 

Subsequently  various  partial  examinations  of  the  accumulations 
in  the  cave  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  implements,  and  of  a  large 
number  of  flint  chippings.  All  these  are  preserved  in  the  Museum  of 
the  Societe  Jersiaise,  at  St.  Heliere. 

In  September,  1905,  finally,  the  Jersey  Society  decided  to  explore 
the  cave  systematically,  and  Dr.  Chappuis,  Mr.  Nicolle  the  secretary, 
and  Mr.  Colson,  commenced  work  in  that  part  of  the  exposed  floor 
already  mentioned.  More  flint  implements  were  discovered^  but 
at  the  commencement  of  October  the  work  had  to  be  abandoned  owing 
to  the  rainy  season  and  to  the  fact  that  the  explorers  were  excavat- 
ing under  dangerous  conditions.  It  then  became  clear  that  a  consider- 
able portion  of  the  talus  as  well  as  some  of  the  threatening  rocks 
overhead  had  to  be  removed  before  the  work  could  proceed. 

Thus  matters  remained  until  July,  1910,  when  the  society  resolved 
to  make  another  attempt  at  the  exploration  of  the  cave.  With  the 
help  of  experienced  quarrymen  excavation  was  commenced  on  Au- 
gust 1,  and  after  a  little  over  three  weeks'  work,  sufficient  of  the 
rubble  had  been  removed  to  reveal  the  form  of  the  interior  of  the 
cave  and  to  lay  bare  a  portion  of  the  floor  about  11  feet  square  to  the 
left  of  the  entrance. 

The  dimensions  of  the  cave  as  revealed  at  this  stage  were  as  fol- 
lows: The  entrance  was  25  feet  in  height  and  about  20  feet  in  width. 
Just  within,  the  roof  sloped  upward  into  a  rough  dome  30  to  32  feet 
from  the  floor.  How  far  the  cave  entered  the  rock  could  not  be  as- 
certained, but  judging  from  the  slope  of  the  roof  downward  towards 
the  back,  it  was  probably  some  40  to  50  feet. 

As  soon  as  a  portion  of  the  floor  had  been  reached  a  careful  search 
and  examination  were  commenced,  with  the  following  results: 

The  floor  proper  was  not  clearly  marked,  for  layers  of  black  soil, 
which  proved  to  be  a  combination  of  ashes,  carbonized  wood  and 
clay,  were  mixed  up  with  whitish  masses  of  bone  detritus  and  clay 
compacted  into  breccia.  Flint  implements  and  chippings  were  inter- 
spersed plentifully  throughout  these  deposits. 

On  the  left  of  the  entrance  and  at  a  distance  from  it  of  about  8 
feet,  was  a  hearth  containing  a  quantity — probably  a  quarter  of  a  ton 
or  so — 0f  wood  ashes  and  carbonized  wood.  Close  together,  among 
the  ashes  of  the  hearth,  were  a  few  pebbles  of  granite  and  felsite 
bearing  indications  of  having  been  heated. 

The  presence  of  bones  was  manifest  all  through  the  layers  con- 
stituting the  floor,  but  due  to  advanced  decomposition  of  the  material, 
the  cave  not  being  a  dry  one,  only  here  and  there  could  fragments 


46  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HHDLICKA. 

retaining  any  form  be  obtained.  Nevertheless,  in  one  corner,  at  a 
slightly  higher  elevation  than  the  earth,  there  was  found  a  mass  of 
bone  from  which  some  determinable  portions  could  be  secured;  and 
a  careful  examination  of  this  mass  led  to  the  most  important  result 
of  the  excavations  to  this  time,  namely,  the  discovery  of  nine  human 
teeth.  Three  of  these  were  from  the  upper,  five  from  the  lower  jaw. 
They  represent,  as  was  later  determined,  teeth  of  both  sides  and  of 
one  individual,  but  unfortunately  no  trace  of  the  once  supporting 
bone  was  any  more  apparent. 

All  the  bones  and  teeth  recovered  from  the  cave  were  taken  to  the 
British  Museum  for  determination,  and  Drs.  Woodward  and  An- 
drews identified  the  specimens  as  follows: 

Animal  teeth:  Part  of  left  lower  premolar  of  the  wooly  rhinoceros.  Rhinoce- 
ros ticliorJtiniis;  last  premolar  and  first  molar  of  reindeer,  Rdngifer  tnnui- 
diis  (a  large  species  apparently  as  large  as  the  caribou)  ;  upper  cheek 
teeth  of  a  small  species  of  Horse;  parts  of  lower  molars  and  upper  cheek 
tooth  of  a  large  species  of  Horse;  lower  teeth  in  portion  of  jaw  of  one  of 
small  Bovidre;  and  left  incisor  of  Bos,  Spec.? 

Nine  human  teeth,  with  subsequent  recovery  of  four  others. 

Bones  and  horns:  Part  of  horn  core  of  one  of  small  Boviihe;  portion  of  antler 
of  reindeer;  bone,  probably  from  articulation  of  foreleg  of  a  deer;  i>elvic 
bones,  probably  from  a  small  bovid;  and  a  piece  of  bone,  which  fell  to 
pieces  on  removal,  from  a  rhinoceros. 

Among  the  fragments  that  could  not  be  definitely  determined  was 
apparently  a  portion  of  a  human  tibia. 

Of  Hint  instruments  about  100  have  been  obtained.  They  are. 
without  exception,  of  the  well-known  tongue-shaped  Mousterian  type. 
the  "  pointe  a  main  "  of  Mortillet. 

The  cave  gave  no  evidence  of  other  than  one  occupation,  and  is 
thus  probably  free  from  the  confusion  which  results  when  implements 
and  remains  of  the  fauna  of  different  periods  occur  together  and 
have  become  mixed  by  the  work  of  burrowing  animals,  water  during 
floods,  and  other  agencies,  as  is  often  the  case  in  similar  deposits. 

By  their  fauna  and  the  uniform  type  of  stone  implements,  the  La 
Cotte  cave  deposits  are  shown  clearly  to  be  of  the  Mousterian  epoch. 

Further  explorations  of  the  site  were  carried  on  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Jersey  Society  in  1 1  >  1 1  and  again  in  L912.  They  are  reported 
by  Nic'olle  and  Sine]  and  by  Marett.1  They  threw  considerable  light 
on  the  nature  of  the  cave  and  its  filling,  and  wore  extended  to  what 

1  Nicolle,  K.  X.,  nini  sim-i.  Reporl  on  the  resumed  exploration  «f  -  is  Cotte/'  Bt. 
Brelade,  by  the  BocliSU  Jersialse,  1911.  (Man,  \«\  12,  1912,  No.  88,  pp.  158  L62.  an,. 
in  ::7'  Bulletin  de  la  leisa,  1912,  pp.  218  222.} 

Mai  .it.  a.  it.  Pleistocene  Man  in  Jersey.  (Archaologia,  vol.  62,  Oxford,  1911,  pp. 
H'.i    180. 1 

M.ircii,  it.  R,  Further  observation!  on  prehistoric  man  in  Jensy.  (▲rehsMlogla,  vol. 
c,::,  1912,  pp.  i   28.) 

Marett,  it.  ft.,  ami  <:.  i'.  B.  !»<•  Qruchy.  Dxcavatlon  <>f  a  Further  portion  «>f  i.n  * "« »t t •  • 
de  st.  Brelsde.     (88*  Bulletin  ds  Is  Bo&dM  Jersialse,  1918,  pp.  ::l'0  B8Q  | 


Smithsonian  Report,  1  91  3. — Hrdli£ka 


The  Cotte  de  St.  Brelade  from  Near. 

(From  a  photograph  furnished  the  Smithsonian  Institution  by  Dr.  R.  It.  Marett,  of  Oxford. ) 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDL1CKA.  47 

may  prove  to  have  been  a  part  of  the  same  hollow  on  the  base  of  the 
wall  of  the  opposite  side  of  the  gorge  ("  la  Gotte  de  St.  Brelade 
II" — Marett).  They  resulted  in  the  discovery  in  both  caves  of 
numerous  additional  flint  implements,  all  of  the  Mousterian  type, 
and  in  the  older  excavation  of  more  fragments  of  animal  bones, 
referable  principally  to  the  wooly  rhinoceros,  the  reindeer,  a  large 
variety  of  horse,  and  probably  the  Bos  primigenius.  But  no  further 
human  bones  or  teeth  came  to  notice. 

Meanwhile  the  human  teeth  (pi.  32)  were  subjected  to  careful  ex- 
amination by  Prof.  Keith,  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  and 
Mr.  Knowles,  of  the  Oxford  University.  The  results  of  these  studies 
were  published  in  1911  in  the  Journal  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology,1 
and  later,  with  some  additions,  in  the  thirty-seventh  bulletin  of  the 
Jersey  Society.  The  following  embraces  the  gist  of  these  reports,  as 
well  as  of  the  writer's  own  observations.2 

The  teeth  are  in  an  unexpectedly  good  state  of  preservation^  only 
the  terminal  parts  of  the  roots  being  broken  away.  Their  color  is 
dark  brown,  with  grayish  white  somewhat  chalky  looking  crowns. 
All  show  an  advanced  degree  of  fossilization.  The  apices  of  the 
cusps  were  worn  away  in  life  and  the  finer  architecture  of  the  crown 
is  as  if  faded,  probably  through  corrosive  action  of  the  moisture 
in  the  deposits  that  enclosed  the  specimens. 

Five  of  the  teeth,  namely  a  second  left  premolar,  a  first  right  and 
a  second  left  molar,  and  the  right  and  left  third  molar,  with  a  part  of 
the  root  of  left  incisor,  belong  to  the  upper  jaw,  while  seven  are  from 
the  lower  jaw,  being  respectively  a  canine,  first  and  second  pre- 
molar with  second  molar  of  the  left  side,  and  a  second  incisor  with 
second  and  third  molars  of  the  right  side.  All  are  probably  from  the 
same  set  and  their  characteristics  are  such  that  the  ancient  man  they 
represent  must  be  ranked  anthropologically  as  one  of  the  most  primi- 
tive yet  discovered. 

The  following  illustration  (pi.  33),  shows  a  reconstruction  of 
the  upper  and  lower  dental  arches  of  the  St.  Brelade  man,  by  Keith 
and  Knowles,  and  the  upper  arch  in  the  modern  human  skull,  after 
Cunningham.  It  is  seen  at  a  glance  that  the  Jersey  teeth  are  larger 
than  the  modem  in  every  direction  and  that  in  consequence  the  dental 
arches  themselves  must  have  been  considerably  larger. 

1  Keith,  A.,  and  F.  H.  S.  Knowles.  A  description  of  teeth  of  paleolithic  man  from 
Jersey.  (Journ.  Anat.  Physiol.,  London,  vol.  46,  1911,  pp.  12-27.  Reprinted,  with  an 
additional  note,  in  37e  Bulletin  de  la  Society  Jersiaise,  1912,  pp.  223-240.  Abstract  in 
Nature,  vol.  86,  1911,  pp.  415-416.) 

2  In  June,  1912,  the  writer  visited  Jersey  to  examine  the  originals  of  these  teeth  and 
to  visit  the  cave  where  they  were  discovered,  and  he  wishes  to  warmly  thank  Mr. 
Sinel  and  Dr.  Dunlap  for  the  courteous  treatment  and  facilities  which  they  extended  to 
him  on  this  occasion,  as  well  as  Captain  Rybot,  of  the  76  Punjabis,  for  his  service  in 
furnishing  excellent  sketches  of  the  locality. 


48  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HKDL1CKA. 

Another  feature  in  which  the  Jersey  teeth  differ  even  more  radi- 
cally from  the  recent,  is  their  extraordinarily  stout  roots.  The  dia- 
meters of  the  neck  and  roots  of  the  Jersey  teeth  are  almost  equal  to 
and  in  some  cases  exceed  those  of  the  crown,  indicating  that  rela- 
tively great  requirements  were  made  on  the  teeth  by  the  quality  and 
possibly  also  quantity  of  the  food.  Such  roots  indicate  unmistakably 
strong  muscles  of  mastication  and  a  stout  massive  lower  jaw,  prob- 
ably somewhat  smaller  but  scarcely  less  powerful  than  the  still 
earlier  Mauer  mandible. 

The  roots  of  the  Jersey  premolars  and  molars  are  not  only  stout 
but  they  are  also  to  a  large  extent  fused.  This  is  not  an  anthropoid 
feature,  for  in  the  higher  apes  these  roots  are  well  apart.  The  fusion 
is  due  to  great  development  of  the  dentine  and  cement  of  the  roots, 
brought  about  in  this  early  man,  in  the  opinion  of  Keith  and  Knowles, 
by  a  changed  manner  of  mastication,  characterized  by  more  lateral 
besides  vertical  movements  of  the  lower  jaw.  Other  primitive  fea- 
tures of  the  teeth  are  the  early  filling  of  the  pulp  cavities  by  deposits 
of  dentine,  thus  providing  an  early  adaptation  for  wear;  the  size 
and  characters  of  the  first  premolars,  which  contrary  to  what  occurs 
in  present  man  are  larger  than  the  second  bicuspids;  and  certain 
features  of  the  canine  as  well  as  the  molars. 

Without  going  into  more  details,  for  which  the  reader  will  need 
to  consult  the  originals — it  may  safely  be  concluded  that  the  Jer- 
sey teeth  constitute  another  valuable  document  of  man's  ancestry: 
and  that  they  show  an  early  man,  probably  an  earlier  representative 
of  the  Homo  neanderthalensis,  already  quite  advanced  in  denture 
from  the  prehuman  forms,  but  still  with  teeth  much  more  powerful 
as  well  as  less  specifically  differentiated  than  those  of  present  man. 

The  cave  accumulations  from  which  these  teeth  came  are,  fortu- 
nately, still  far  from  exhausted  which  gives  hopes  of  further  im- 
portant discoveries.  The  first  cavern  itself  still  presents  a  large 
accumulation  of  deposits  that  have  not  been  explored,  and.  as  men- 
tioned above,  there  has  been  tapped  a  second  cave  in  the  rock  oppo- 
site, while  a  communication  between  the  two,  as  yet  untouched,  seem- 
to  lie  behind  the  sagged-down  rocks  at  the  head  of  the  ravine.  The 
distant  parts  of  these  hollows  in  particular  demands  examination. 
The  SociSte*  Jersiaise,  under  whose  auspices  the  explorations  of  the 
site  have  hitherto  progressed,  will  place  the  scientific  world  under 
especial  obligation  by  carrying  the  work  on  with  equal  care  to  its 
conclusion.1 

1  Since  this  was  written,  B  grant  has  been  secured  from  the  BxiUsb  Aasoclattoa  for 
the  Advancement  <>f  Science,  by  Dr.  B.  ft.  Man  it.  Cor  further  exploration  <>f  the  cave, 
and  In  a  recent  letter  to  the  writer  l>r.  M:irelt  intimates  that  the  work  under  this  gram 
was  not  fruitless. 


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ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA.  49 

THE   FOSSIL   MAN   OF  LA   CHAPELLE-AUX-SAINTS. 

One  of  the  most  interesting,  best  authenticated,  and  thanks  to 
Prof.  Marcellin  Bonle  now  best-known  skeletons  of  Early  Man,  is 
that  of  "  the  fossil  man  of  La  Chapelle-Aux-Saints. 

La  Chapelle-Aux-Saints  is  a  small  village  in  the  Department  of 
Correze,  near  the  small  railroad  station  of  Vayrac  and  south  of  the 
town  of  Brive,  in  southern  France.  A  little  over  200  yards  from  the 
village  and  beyond  the  left  bank  of  the  small  stream  Sourdoire,  in  the 
side  of  a  moderate  elevation,  is  located  a  cave,  now  known  as  that  of 
La  Chapelle-Aux-Saints  (pi.  34).  In  1905  archeological  exploration 
of  this  cave  was  undertaken  by  three  Correze  priests,  the  abbes  A.  and 
J.  Bouyssonie  and  L.  Bardon.  These  explorations  which  from  the 
beginning  were  successful,  resulting  in  the  recovery  o^  numerous  in- 
dustrial and  other  vestiges  of  paleolithic  man,  progressed  gradually 
until  the  uniform  archeological  stratum  was  nearly  exhausted,  when, 
on  the  3d  of  August,  1908,  the  excavators  came  across  a  shallow  arti- 
ficial fossa  in  the  floor  of  the  cave  in  which  lay  the  bones  of  a  remark- 
able human  skeleton. 

The  human  bones  were  carefully  gathered  and  sent  to  Prof.  Boule, 
of  the  Museum  d'Histoire  Naturelle,  in  Paris,  where  they  were 
cleaned  and,  as  far  as  possible,  restored ;  and  the  following  December 
Prof.  Boule  demonstrated  the  skull,  giving  at  the  same  time  the  first 
account  of  the  find,  before  the  Paris  Academy  of  Sciences.1  One 
week  later  Messrs.  Bouyssonie  and  Bardon  presented  before  the  Acad- 
emy their  own  observations,  and  these  reports  were  followed  at  short 
intervals  by  several  others  before  the  same  scientific  body.2 

Subsequently  the  skull  and  other  parts  of  the  skeleton  were  sub- 
jected by  Prof.  Boule  to  a  thorough  study  and  comparison,  and  the 
results  of  his  work  are  published  in  a  series  of  communications  ex- 
tending through  the  sixth,  seventh  and  eighth  volumes  of  the  An- 
nales  de  Paleontologie.3 

The  various  reports  show  that  the  cave  of  La  Chapelle-Aux-Saints 
is  a  moderate-sized  and  rather  low  cavity,  about  6  meters  (6.5  yards) 
long,  2  to  4  meters  (2.2  to  4.4  yards)  broad,  and  1  to  1.50  meters  (1.1 
to  1.6  yards)  high  (fig.  9).  When  first  approached  it  was  seen  to  be 
nearly  filled  with  accumulations,  which  later  disclosed  numerous 
traces  of  man,  and  by  debris  of  the  rock  from  the  roof  and  sides. 
The  deposits  bearing  traces  of  the  presence  of  man  were  found  to 

1  Boule,  M.  L'Homme  fossile  de  La  Chapelle-Aux-Saints.  (C.  R.  Acad.  sc.  14  Dec, 
1908;  also  L' Anthropologic  vol.  19,  1908,  pp.  513  and  519;  vol.  20,  1909,  p.  257;  and 
vol.  22,  1911,  p.  129.) 

2  Bouyssonie,  A.  J.,  and  L.  Bardon.  D£couverte  d'un  squelette  humain  mousterien  a  la 
houffla  de  La  Chapelle-Aux-Saints.  (C.  R.  21  Dec,  1908.)  Boule,  M.  Sur  la  capacity 
eranienne  des  Hommes  fossiles  du  type  dit  de  Neanderthal.  (C.  R.  17  May,  1909.) 
La  squelette  du  tronc  et  des  membres  de  l'Homme  fossile  de  La  Chapelle-Aux-Saints. 
(C.  R.  7  June,  1909.) 

8  Paris,  1911  to  1913.     Also  published  as  a  separate  volume. 

30249°— 16 


50 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    <>K    MAX HKDLICKA. 


proceed  from  but  one  age  and  one  culture,  namely  the  Mousterian. 
The  objects  of  archeological  interest  recovered  during  the  excavation 
comprise  in  the  main  worked  stones  of  the  well-known  Mousterian 
types,  and  remains  of  bones  of  fossil  animals,  such  as  the  reindeer, 
bison,  Rhinoceros  tichorhinvs,  etc.  The  animal  remains  indicate  that 
the  deposits  date  from  somewhere  near  the  middle  of  the  glacial 
epoch. 

Under  the  accumulations  the  floor  of  the  cavern  was  found  to  be 
whitish,  hard,  marly  calcareous;  and  in  this  hard  base,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  a  little  over  four  meters  from  the  entrance  of  the  cave,  was 
located  the  nearly  rectangular,  moderate-sized  cavity  l  which  lodged 
the  fossil  human  skeleton.    The  depression  was  clearly  made  by  the 


Entrance 


Fid.  9— Cave  of  La  Chapelle-atjx-Saints.    (After  Bonyssonie  &  Bardon,  and  Boule.) 
a,  Floor;  b,  longitudinal  section;  r,  transverse  sections. 


primitive  inhabitants  or  visitors  of  the  cave  for  the  body  and  the 
whole  represents  very  plainly  a  regular  burial,  the  moel  ancient  in- 
tentional burial  thus  far  discovered. 

The  body  lay  on  its  back,  with  the  head  to  the  westward,  the 
latter  being  surrounded  by  stones.  The  left  arm  was  extended,  the 
right  probably  bent  bo  thai  the  hand  was  applied  to  or  lay  near  the 

head.  The  lower  limbs  were  partly  Hexed.  Above  the  he:id  were 
found  three  or  four  large  flat  fragments  of  long  bones  of  animals,  and 
somewhat  higher  (here  lay,  still  in  their  natural  relation,  some  foot 
bones  of  B  large  Bovid,  suggesting  that  the  whole  fool  of  the  animal 
may  have  been   placed  iii  that  position.      About   the  body  were  many 

1  l.-l.".   imtcrs   lOBg,    1    in.   I>rnad,   Mini   80  Mfc   d.<|>. 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HKDLKJKA.  51 

flakes  of  quartz  and  flint,  some  fragments  of  ochre,  broken  animal 
bones,  etc.,  much  as  in  the  rest  of  the  archeological  stratum  above 
the  skeleton. 

There  was  no  indication  that  the  deposits  in  the  cave  have  been 
moved  in  any  way  since  the  burial  of  the  human  body.  To  the  right 
of  the  fossa  containing  the  skeleton  there  was  an  abundance  of  large 
fragments  of  various  animal  bones,  of  jaws  and  vertebra?  of  the  rein- 
deer, and  vertebrae  of  a  large  Bovid,  with  some  well-made  implements 
of  flint.  •  The  last-named  vertebras  and  the  flint  implements  were 
covered  by  two  large  blocks  of  stone;  and  above  these  stones,  at  the 
side  wall  of  the  cave,  the  earth  showed  the  effects  of  fire,  but  it  was 
not  possible  to  determine  whether  this  was  of  the  same  date  as  the 
deposits  or  the  human  burial  beneath. 

Notwithstanding  the  care  taken  in  the  excavation  some  parts  of 
the  human  skeleton  were  lost.  What  remains  comprises  the  skull, 
almost  complete,  with  the  lower  jaw;  21  vertebrae  or  pieces  of  same; 
20  ribs  or  their  fragments;  an  incomplete  left  clavicle;  the  two 
humeri,  almost  complete ;  the  two  radii  and  the  two  ulnae,  all  more  or 
less  defective;  a  few  bones  of  the  hands  and  feet;  portions  of  the 
pelvic  bones,  fragments  of  the  right  femur  (from  which  it  is  possible 
to  reconstruct  the  bone)  and  the  lower  half  of  the  left  femur;  the 
two  patella^  and  parts  of  the  tibiae. 

The  state  of  preservation  of  the  specimens  is  exactly  like  that  of 
the  animal  bones  recovered  from  the  deposits  above  the  burial  fossa. 
They  are  ferruginous  in  color,  heavier  than  any  corresponding  recent 
human  bones  and  very  perceptibly  mineralized. 

Due  to  the  kindness  of  Prof.  Boule  the  writer  was  enabled  in  1912 
to  see  the  originals  of  the  Chapelle-aux-Saints  skeleton.  At  that 
time,  however,  Prof.  Boule's  investigations  on  the  specimens  were 
not  yet  completed,  in  consequence  of  which  it  was  not  possible  to 
undertake  any  detailed  study  on  the  bones,  but  even  a  brief  examina- 
tion was  sufficient  to  impress  one  deeply,  particularly  in  the  case  of 
the  skull,  with  the  great  scientific  value  of  the  remains.  They  repre- 
sent unquestionably  another  precious  addition  to  the  rapidly  aug- 
menting material  evidence  of  the  highly  interesting  type  of  ancient 
man,  the  Homo  neanderthalensis. 

Since  the  writer's  visit  to  the  Paris  Museum,  Prof.  Boule's  reports 
on  the  La  Chapelle  skeleton  have  been  published  in  full.  With  these 
well-illustrated  reports  as  well  as  a  plaster  model  of  the  skull,  and 
with  what  it  was  feasible  to  observe  on  the  originals,  it  is  possible  to 
give  the  following  brief  notes  on  these  specimens. 

The  La  Chapelle  skull,  notwithstanding  its  many  peculiarities,  is 
plainly  a  normal  specimen,  not  affected  (except  in  the  dental  arches) 
by  any  disease  or  by  any  premature  closure  of  sutures  (pis.  35,  36). 


52  ANCIENT    KEMAINS    OF    MAN HKDLICKA. 

The  skull  is  distinctly  masculine,  and  proceeds  from  an  adult  of 
somewhat  advanced  age. 

Its  vault  is  remarkably  like  that  of  the  Neanderthal  cranium, 
though  somewhat  larger.  There  is  the  same  huge,  prominent,  com- 
plete supraorbital  arch.  The  nasal  process  is  equally  broad  and 
sloping  considerably  downward  and  backward.  Due  to  the  pro- 
nounced supraorbital  arch  the  upper  half  of  the  orbits,  as  in  the 
Neanderthal  skull,  has  a  somewhat  forward  and  downward  inclina- 
tion, wholly  unlike  that  of  any  man  of  to-day.  The  forehead,  while 
low,  is  somewhat  better  formed  than  in  the  Neanderthal  and  Spy 
No.  I  crania  and  less  sloping.  The  sagittal  region  is  smooth  and  oval 
from  side  to  side.  The  occiput  is  broad  and  shows  a  fair  protrusion 
but  as  general  in  the  Neanderthal  type  of  skulls  and  in  harmony  with 
the  rest  of  the  vault,  it  is  decidedly  low.  The  outline  of  the  vault 
when  viewed  from  above  is  a  prolonged  ovoid,  mildly  asymetric  in 
its  posterior  portion,  due  to  a  slightly  greater  size  and  protrusion 
backward  of  the  right  side  (pi.  37).  The  mastoids  are  remarkably 
moderate  for  a  male  skull  and  one  of  this  size,  approaching  in  this 
respect  the  earlier  primate  form.  The  zygomae  are  stout  and  widely 
expanded,  due  to  powerful  temporal  muscles. 

The  bones  of  the  vault,  again,  as  in  the  Neanderthal  and  other 
crania  of  this  type,  are  thicker  than  in  the  skulls  of  modern  man ; 
nevertheless  the  capacity  of  the  skull  was  quite  large.  Prof.  Boule 
estimates  it  at  from  1,600  to  1,620  c.  c.  This  indicates  not  necessarily 
a  superior  brain,  but  rather  one  subserving  to  largely  developed 
organs  and  powerful  musculature. 

Turning  to  the  base  of  the  skull,  we  find  that  while  the  glenoid 
fossse,  excepting  their  large  size  and  one  or  two  other  peculiarities, 
are  more  like  those  of  recent  man  than  those  for  instance  in  the 
Krapina  crania,  the  foramen  magnum  is  of  a  very  large  size1  and  is 
situated,  or  rather  extends  farther  backward  than  in  man  of  the 
present  day.  There  were  probably  other  primitive  features  of  the 
base,  which  the  damaged  parts  do  not  allow  to  determine  with  cer- 
tainty (figs.  10,  11). 

Thev  facial  parts  show  malar  bones  with  powerful  frontal  and 
zygomatic  processes,  but  rather  small  and  not  prominent  body.  The 
nasal  structures  indicate  that  the  nose  was  quite  long  and  very  broad  : 
but  the  lower  borders  of  the  nasal  aperture  are  already  fairly  sharp, 
as  in  more  modern  cras^a,  and  the  nasal  spine,  though  bifid,  was  well 
developed. 

The  orbits  are  not  excessively  high,  but  are  spacious  and  deep. 
The  suborbital  (canine)   fossa1  are  totally  absent,  the  maxilla  show  ing 

'Corresponding  to  a  itoul  spina)  cord,  which  is  generally  MaocUted  with  ,-i  pronounced 

development  of  the  motO!  system  and  other  parts  of  the  l>"dy. 


Smithsonian  Report,  1  91  3. — Hrdlicka 


Plate  35. 


The  La  Chapelle-aux-Saints  Skull.    Side  View. 
(After  Boule.) 


5f 


si 


5  u.   S 

123 

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u  * 

I  CO 


O  I 

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Si 
o 

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5    3 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA.  53 

in  their  place  even  a  slight  convexity.  The  lower  part  of  the  face 
was  prognathic,  though  evidently  not  excessively  so.  The  dental 
arches  regrettably  show  extensive  effects  of  a  suppurative  process,  as 
the  result  of  which  all  but  one  or  two  of  the  teeth  in  the  two  jaws 
have  been  lost,  and  the  height  of  the  alveolar  processes  was  much 
reduced  by  absorption.  All  that  can  be  determined  is  that  the  sub- 
nasal  portion  of  the  upper  jaw  was  quite  high,  and  that  the  palate 
was  enormous. 


Fig.  10.— Skull  of  the  fossil  man  of  La  Chapelle-aux-Saints,  after  restoration  of  the  nasal 
bones  and  jaws.    (After  Boule;  reproduced  by  MacCurdy,  Smithsonian  Report  for  1909.) 

The  lower  jaw  is  large,  stout,  chinless — though  not  sloping  back- 
ward at  the  symphisis,  and  otherwise  primitive.  It  was  doubtless 
high,  but  the  reduction  of  the  alveolar  process  through  pyorrhoea 
and  absorption  does  not  permit  a  definite  appreciation  of  this 
character. 

Although  only  two  badly  worn  premolars  remain  in  the  two  jaws, 
it  can  nevertheless  be  clearly  seen  from  the  size  of  their  roots,  from 
the  alveoli  and  from  the  size  of  the  dental  arches,  that  the  teeth  in 
this  skull  must  have  been  very  large. 


54  AXCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAX HKL>LI<*KA. 

X^The  long  and  other  bones  of  the  skeleton  are.  on  the  whole,  Less 
remarkable  than  those  of  the  Neanderthal  or  Spy  remains,  but  the 
peculiarities  and  primitive  features  which  they  possess  are  of  much 
the  same  order.  The  stature  of  the  Chapelle-aux-Saints  man  is  inti- 
mated by  Prof.  Boule  to  have  been  about  1.011  meters  (5  ft.  3  in.). 
which  is  close  to  that  of  the  Neanderthal  man  and  the  man  of  Spy. 
The  bones  are  robust;  the  extremities  of  the  long  bones  are  large. 
The  radii  and  ulna?  and  especially  the  tibia?  and  fibula3,  are  again,  as 
in  other  skeletons  of  the  Neanderthal  type,  relatively  short.    There 


Fio.  11 .— Profiles  of  the  cranium  of  a  Chimpanzee,  the  cranium  of  La  Cha- 

i'ki.i.i:-.u'\-S.\ints,   and   that  of   a   modern   Frenchman  superimsi  i>,    wp 

WITH  A  COMMON    l'.VSI-NASAI.    UNE    EQUAL  IN  LENGTH  FoU   EACH.      (After    Bonli'; 

reproduce. 1  by  MacCordy,  Smithsonian  Report  for  1909.) 
Be.,  Raslon;  Na.,  Naslon. 

is  also  the  pronounced  curvature  to  the  radius:  and  there  are  other 
peculiarities  about  the  specimens  an  enumeration  of  which  in  this 
place  is  not  feasible.  Certain  of  these  peculiarities  indicate,  accord- 
ing to  Prof.  Boule,  that  the  individual  from  whom  the  Chapelle-au\ 
Saints  skeletal  remains  proceed  had,  in  common  with  others  of  the 
Neanderthal  type,  not  as  yet  reached  a  fully  erect  posture. 

The  study  of  the  brain  of  thi^  individual.  so  far  as  possible  from  a 
feast  of  the  cranial  cavity,  also  shows  various  features  of  importance.' 

'Boule,     M.    .unl     K.    Anthony.       I.Vix-.-.phul.-    ile    l'lioniui.-    fossil. •    <!«■    I.a    CliHp.lL- nu\ 

saints.    (L'Anthropologte,  v..i.  l"_\  uni,  pp.  r_"j-i96.> 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA.  55 

Among  the  more  strictly  human  characteristics  are  its  large  size, 
normally  always  a  very  favorable  feature,  though  not  necessarily  an 
index  of  high  intelligence;  a  predominance  in  size  of  the  left  over 
the  right  hemisphere;  and  certain  other  anatomical  features.  The 
more  simian  characteristics  included  especially  the  general  form  of 
the  organ,  the  evident  simplicity  and  coarseness  of  the  convolutions, 
and  the  relatively  poor  development  of  the  frontal  parts,  which  is 
more  pointed  forward  than  obtains  in  man  of  to-day.  "  The  brain, 
on  the  whole,"  to  quote  Prof.  Boule,  "is  already  human  by  the 
abundance  of  the  cerebral  substance;  but  this  substance  is  still  lack- 
ing the  advanced  organization  which  characterizes  the  brain  of  the 
actual  man." 

Regrettably,  the  La  Chapelle-aux-Saints  cave  has  now  been  com- 
pletely exhausted,  so  that  no  hope  can  be  entertained  of  securing 
further  specimens  from  this  particular  spot;  but  the  site  lies  in  a 
region  which  is  under  careful  scientific  observation  and  other  im- 
portant discoveries  in  the  neighborhood  may  yet  be  possible. 

THE   "LA   QUINA"   SKELETON. 

On  the  16th  of  October,  1911,  Dr.  Henri  Martin,  a  physician  and 
archeologist  of  Paris,  reported  before  the  Academie  des  Sciences  of 
Paris  the  find  of  a  very  remarkable  ancient  human  skeleton,  at  La 
Quina,  Department  of  Charente,  in  France.1  "  We  have  discovered," 
he  says,  "  on  the  18th  of  September,  at  La  Quina,  a  human  skeleton 
of  the  Neanderthal  type."  It  lay  in  a  horizontal  position,  in  clayey, 
sand,  at  the  distance  of  4.5  meters  from  the  base  of  a  cliff,  i  The  de- 
posits in  which  it  rested  represent  the  ancient  muddy  bed  of  the 
near-by  stream  Voultron,  and  belong,  archgeologically,  to  the  lower 
Mousterian  epoch.  The  clayey  sand  was  covered  by  debris  from  the 
cliff  portion,  which  in  former  times  extended  shelf  like  over  the 
stream. 

The  skeleton  lay  80  cm.  (2.6  ft.)  deep  in  the  sand,  and  was  not 
surrounded  by  any  objects  which  would  indicate  an  intentional  burial. 
Its  location  and  position  seemed  to  show  that  the  body  was  deposited 
where  it  lay  accidentally.  The  clayey  sand  contained  a  few  dis- 
seminated worked  stones  and  a  few  bones  that  have  been  utilized  by 
man,  but  showed  none  of  the  handsome  pieces  which  characterized 
the  superior  Mousterian  epoch.  The  age  of  the  skeleton  is,  in  all 
probability,  referable  to  the  earliest  part  of  the  middle  Quaternary. 

The  remains  have  suffered  from  prolonged  submersion  and  pres- 
sure, as  a  result  of  which  the  cranial  bones  were  disjointed  and  in 
part  broken ;  but  from  the  first  instant  it  could  readily  be  seen  that 

1  Martin,  Henri.  Sur  un  squelette  humain  de  l'epoque  moustenenne  trouve-  en 
Charente.     (Comptes  Rendus,  tome  153,  1911,  p.  728.) 


56  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN IIKDI.K'KA. 

the  cranium  presented  in  a  high  degree  certain  primitive  character- 
istics in  which  it  approaches  those  of  the  Neanderthal  type. 

A  little  later  in  the  year  Dr.  Martin  made  a  somewhat  more  exten- 
sive report  on  the  find  before  the  Prehistoric  Society  of  France,1 
and  in  1912  he  published  four  other  accounts  relating  to  the  dis- 
covery.2 From  these  publications  it  appears  that  archeological  ex- 
plorations at  La  Quina  by  Dr.  Martin  and  others  had  been  carried 
on  intermittently  for  seven  years  before  the  human  skeleton  came  to 
light,  yielding  many  examples  of  paleolithic  stone  industries  refer- 
able in  the  main  to  the  upper  or  younger  division  of  the  Mousterian 
epoch.  In  addition  a  number  of  human  teeth  and  various  fragments 
of  human  bones,  belonging  to  the  upper  Mousterian,  were  encountered 
during  this  time,  but  none,  barring  perhaps  a  larger  portion  of  one 
lower  jaw,  are  of  special  importance.3 

The  sandy  layer  which  contained  the  La  Quina  skeleton  yielded 
some  worked  stones  representing  lance  points,  knives,  and  scrapers, 
but  all  of  inferior  workmanship.  Evidence  was  also  found  in  traces 
of  fire  and  calcined  bones,  that  man  of  the  period  represented  by  the 
skeleton  lived  or  took  refuge  in  the  caverns  or  holes  of  the  cliff  above. 
The  animals  on  which  the  La  Quina  man  lived  were  the  reindeer, 
bison,  horse,  and  rarely  also  the  mammoth.  The  total  Mousterian 
^deposits  at  La  Quina  indicate  a  long  duration  of  the  epoch,  and  one 
during  which  man  advanced  considerably  in  the  way  of  manufacture 
of  his  stone  utensils. 

The  bones  of  the  skeleton  were  taken  to  Paris,  partly  still  in  the 
sediments  with  which  they  were  surrounded,  and  were  then  most 
carefully  worked  out  from  the  matrix  (pi.  38).  The  different  parts 
of  the  skull,  it  was  found,  besides  being  disjointed,  were  forced  to- 
gether so  as  to  overlap,  while  the  facial  parts  were  broken  and  to  a 
large  extent  deficient.  With  what  was  left  of  the  jaws  were  14  of' 
the  teeth. 

The  remains  were  seen  at  first  sight  to  present  a  number  of  impor- 
tant primitive  characteristics.     The  frontal  bone  showed  a  wry  pro- 
nounced supraorbital  arch,  with  low  and  sloping  forehead;  the  vault. 
it  could  readily  be  determined,  had  been  low;  the  temporal 
were  spacious,  for  the  accommodation  of  powerful  temporal  muscles; 

1  Martin,  Henri.  Presentation  d'un  crane  humain  trouve  avec  le  eattelette  a  la  baa* 
du  MoustcYIen  de  La  Quina  (Charente).  (Bulletin  de  la  Society  Prehlstorlqne  l'ran..alse, 
Stance  du  26  Oct.,  1911,  pp.  1-12,  3  pis.) 

-a  propot  de  la  decoarerte  de  rhomme  fossiie  de  La  Quina.  (annake  a.'  la  Racnltl 
des  Lettn-s  de  Bordeaux,  etc.,  4th  series,  vol.  14,  1912,  pp.  61-64.)  I..-  Crane  de 
rhomme  foaatte  ftioaatdrtea  de  La  Qolaa.  (C.  B.  a.  k.  a.  s.,  L912,  pp. 
L'bomme  foeaJle  M.mstSrien  de  La  Quina  (BulL  s.h-.  PrghlstorlQiie  Francalae,  L812, 
pp.  1-30,  i  nisi,  and  position  etratlgraphlQue  dee  Osaementa  homalna  recoetlUa  Sane 
io  Mouaterlen  de  La  Qnlna  de  1908  a  1912.  (Hull.  Soc.  Prdhiat.  Pranoalae,  1012,  pp.  i  \ 
l  pi.  i 

8  pictured  in  the  publication  last  named  in  footnote  '-'. 


Smithsonian  Repo 

-t,  191  3. — Hrdlicka. 

Plate  38. 

s 
>•   • 

An 

/ppl 

1 

^ 

1 

■' ' 

tffc*' 

■:j 

A 

■•V-"*- 

Hr.i 

L 

^4 

f2yr      : 

3»r 

-1 

1       wE     M 

M 

f 

The  La  Quina  Skull  and  Parts  of  the  Skeleton  still  in  the  Matrix. 

(After  H.  Martin.) 


Smithsonian  Report,   1  91  3.— Hrdlicka. 


Plate  39. 


The  La  Quina  Skull,  Partly  Reconstructed. 
(Aitc-r  II    Martin.) 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLIOKA.  57 

the  jaws,  particularly  the  mandible,  were  heavy;  and  the  teeth  were 
large  in  size,  besides  showing  other  remarkable  features. 

In  June,  1912,  Dr.  Martin  kindly  showed  the  precious  originals  to 
the  writer.  At  that  time  the  skull  was  already  fairly  well  restored, 
and  impressed  one  as  a  typical,  though  not  very  massive,  representa- 
tive of  the  Neanderthal  type  of  crania  (pi.  39).  It  presents  the  same 
extraordinary  supraorbital  arch,  a  similar  low  forehead,  similarly 
low  vault,  and  similar  ovoid  outline  when  looked  at  from  above,  as 
the  Neanderthal,  Spy,  Gibraltar,  and  other  skulls  of  the  group ;  but 
the  occiput  is  rather  more  protruding.  The  lower  jaw  is  stout  and 
evidently  possessed  little,  if  any,  chin  prominence ;  the  teeth,  though 
considerably  worn  off,  are  very  large.  There  is  nothing  pathological 
about  the  specimen  or  other  parts  of  the  skeleton.  The  individual 
from  whom  it  proceeds  was  an  adult  of  perhaps  45  years  of  age,  and, 
in  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Martin,  supported  by  the  relative  gracility  of 
the  bones,  it  was  a  female.  The  skull,  as  well  as  the  other  bones, 
show  advanced  state  of  mineralization.  The  color  of  the  skull  is 
oche'r  to  brownish  yellow,  with  areas  or  ramifications  of  darker 
brown.  As  to  the  teeth,  the  dentine  parts  are  darkened,  but  the 
enamel  is  well  preserved  and  white.  The  other  bones  of  the  skeleton 
are  yellowish  gray. 

The  long  and  other  bones,  so  far  as  saved,  indicate  an  individual 
of  moderate  stature  and  good,  but  not  excessive,  musculature.  As 
to  the  detailed  characteristics  of  the  bones  as  well  tliose  of  the 
skull,  it  will  be  necessary  to  await  the  complete  report  by  Dr.  Martin. 

An  ingenious  effort  at  a  reconstruction  of  the  head  and  neck  of 
the  La  Quina  woman  by  Dr.  Martin  will  be  found  in  the  Bulletin 
de  la  Societe  Prehistorique  Francaise,  of  1913. 1 

THE  MOUSTIER  MAN. 

Still  another  highly  interesting  and  scientifically  valuable  skeleton 
of  early  man,  recently  discovered,  is  that  of  the  so-called  "Ho?no 
mousteriensis  Hauseri."  The  skeleton  is  preserved  in  the  Museum 
fiir  Volkerkunde  at  Berlin,  where  it  was  seen  by  the  writer.  It  was 
discovered  in  March  1908,  by  O.  Hauser,  during  archeological  exca- 
vation in  what  is  known  as  "the  lower  Moustier  cave,"  or  "paleo- 
lithic station  number  44,"  at  Le  Moustier,  in  the  valley  of  the  Vezere, 
Department  of  Dordogne,  France,  and  was  eventually  purchased 
from  Herr  Hauser  for  the  Berlin  Museum. 

The  cave  in  question  (fig.  12),  or  more  properly  rock  shelter,  when 
excavated  gave  numerous  evidences  of  man's  occupation,  but  no  hu- 
man bones.  The  skeleton  under  consideration  was  discovered  in  the 
terrace  in  front  of  the  cave,  almost  vertically  below  its  entrance.    It 

1  Stance  du  27  F6vrier,  1913. 


58 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HBDLICKA. 


lay  about  -°>  feet  deep  and  no  disturbance  in  the  superimposed  deposits 
was  noticeable. 

The  human  bones  were  uncovered  with  great  care  in  the  presence 

of  responsible  witnesses,  then  covered  again  with  earth  and  left  in 
situ  for  several  months,  though  shown  during  this  time  to  a  number 
of  visitors.  In  August  they  were  exposed  for  Virchow,  v.  d.  Steinen, 
Klaatsch,  and  other  scientific  men,  and  finally,  two  days  afterwards, 
in  the  presence  of  Prof.  Klaatsch,  they  were  gathered  from  the 
deposits. 

A  somewhat  picturesque  account  of  the  discovery  by  Hauser  will 
be  found  in  the  1909  volume  of  the  Archiv  fiir  Anthropologic1  The 
skeleton,  it  appears,  lay  on  its  side  in  a  natural  position,  with  the 


TouUom 


Via.  12.— The  upper  (A)  and  lower  (B)  Le  Moustier  caves  and  the  position  of  the 
SKELETON  OF  HOMO  MOUSTERIENSIS.     (After  Khiatsch  it  Ihuiser.) 

right  hand  under  the  occiput,  the  left  extended  along  the  body. 
About  the  body  and  among  the  bones  were  found  seventy-four  worked 
flints,  ten  of  which  were  of  a  well-defined  form.  On  the  skull  rested 
a  charred  bone  of  a  Bos  primigenius,  and  in  the  neighborhood  oi  the 
thorax  lay  a  tooth  of  the  same  animal.  Besides  this,  15  other  frag 
ments  of  animal  bones  were  gathered  in  a  close  vicinity  to  the  human 
remains. 


1  Klaatsch.  A.,  and  O.   Iluuscr.      Homo  mouaterlenala  Ilnuscrl.   Kin  alttliluvlalcr  Skclctt 

fiiiui  in  Departemenl  Dordoga'e  and  seine  ZagebSrigkeit  ram  Neandertaltypaa,     (Archil  f. 
Anthropologic,  x.  i<\,  vol.  1,  1900.) 


Smithsonian  Report,  1913. — Hrdlicka 


Plate  40. 


Homo  mousteriensis,  from  the  Cavern  of  Le  Moustier  (Dordogne). 

(After  MacCurdy,  from  the  Smithsonian  Report  for  1909.) 


Smithsonian  Report,  1$1  3.— Hrdlicka. 


Plate  41. 


The  Skull  of  Homo  mousteriensis  Houseri.    Side  View. 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDUCKA.  59 

The  examination  of  the  human  bones  was  begun  on  the  spot  by 
Prof.  Klaatsch,  who  eventually  reached  the  following  conclusions: 

The  skeleton  belongs  to  an  adolescent  of  perhaps  10  years  of  age 
and  probably  of  the  male  sex.  The  height  of  the  boy,  as  estimated 
from  the  long  bones,  was  probably  1.45  to  1.50  meters  (4  feet  9  inches 
to  4  feet  11  inches). 

The  skull  (pis.  40,  41)  notwithstanding  the  youth  of  the  subject, 
shows  a  number  of  characteristics  which  are  peculiar  to  the  Neander- 
thal group.  While  of  a  good  size,  with  only  moderately  thick  bones 
of  the  vault  and  the  latter  of  a  fair  height,  it  shows  nevertheless  a 
rather  low  and  sloping  forehead;  a  well-marked  complete  supra- 
orbital arch  or  torus,  which  later  in  life  would  doubtless  have  become 
much  more  prominent ;  relatively  large  dental  arches,  with  large  and 
in  a  number  of  particulars  primitive  teeth;  a  massive  lower  jaw  with 
complete  absence  of  the  chin  eminence ;  and  other  interesting  features. 
The  glenoid  fossae,  especially  that  on  the  right,  show  an  inclination 
upward  and  outward,  as  in  the?  skulls  of  Krapina  and  as  in  the 
skulls  of  children  in  modern  man.  And  there  are  a  number  of  other 
characteristics  on  the  Moustier  skull  and  skeleton  which  connect  the 
latter  morphologically  quite  closely  with  the  man  of  Krapina. 

The  long  and  other  bones,  so  far  as  preserved,  possess  also  nu- 
merous primitive  characteristics.  Especially  noticeable  among  these 
are  the  relatively  large  extremities,  particularly  the  head  of  the 
femur;  a  strong  development  of  the  external  condyle  of  the  thigh 
bones ;  the  peculiar  curvature  of  the  same ;  the  very  marked  curvature 
of  the  radius,  etc.  Klaatsch  reached  the  deduction  that  the  skeleton 
belongs  undoubtedly  to  the  Homo  neanderthalensis  variety  of  the 
early  European. 

OTHEB  SKELETAL  REMAINS  OF  ANCIENT  MAN  IN  EUROPE. 

In  addition  to  the  more  important  skeletal  remains  of  early  man 
dealt  with  in  the  preceding  pages,  there  exist  a  considerable  number 
of  specimens  which,  because  of  their  isolated  or  defective  nature,  are 
of  less  value  to  science,  or  which  have  not  as  yet  been  properly 
studied  and  determined,  or  which,  finally,  retain  some  elements  of 
uncertainty  as  to  their  true  position  in  human  chronology.  And  be- 
sides these  there  is  a  large  additional  series  of  skeletal  remains,  in- 
cluding the  latest  paleolithic  and  the  neolithic  remains,  which,  while 
still  ancient,  are  nevertheless  relatively  near  to  man  of  the  present 
date. 

Among  the  earlier  isolated  or  defective  specimens  may  be  men- 
tioned first  of  all  the  two  teeth  of  Taubach.  One  of  these,  a  molar 
of  the  first  dentition,  was  found  in  the  old  Quaternary  deposits  at 


60  AXCIEXT    REMAINS    OF    MAX HRDLICKA. 

Taubach  near  Weimar,  Germany,  in  1892,  by  A.  Weiss.  The  crown 
of  this  tooth  shows  considerable  wear  and  this,  with  other  character- 
istics of  the  specimen,  created  at  first  an  impression  that  the  tooth 
was  perhaps  not  human.  Later,  however,  the  tooth  was  accepted 
as  proceeding  from  a  human  child.  Meanwhile  one  of  the  laborers 
at  Taubach  discovered  in  equally  old  deposits  a  first  permanent  left 
lower  molar  about  the  human  nature  of  which  there  can  be  no  ques- 
tion, and  this  tooth  also  shows  various  primitive  features.  Both 
these  finds  have  been  reported  upon  and  the. specimens  described  by 
Nehring.1    The  permanent  molar  is  preserved  in  the  museum  in  Jena. 

In  May,  1914,  a  very  interesting  lower  jaw  belonging  to  man  of 
antiquity  was  found  near  Weimar,  not  far  from  Taubach.  It  was 
described  in  a  preliminary  way  and  pictured  in  October  of  the  same 
year  by  Schwalbe,2  and  later  referred  to  by  MacCurdy.3  It  is  an 
imperfect  specimen,  recovered  from  loose  travertin  11.9  meters  (39 
feet)  below  the  surface.  The  bone  is  stout  and  shows  complete  lack 
of  chin,  with  alveolar  prognathism  and  other  peculiarities.  Basing 
his  opinion  on  its  form  and  association,  Schwalbe  considers  the  speci- 
men as  a  very  valuable  one,  and  refers  it  to  the  earlier  period  of  the 
Neanderthal  man  (II.  prindgemus). 

Other  specimens  belonging  to  this  category  are  the  more  or  less 
defective  lower  jaws  of  La  Naulette,  Malarnaud,  and  Sipka.  The  La 
Naulette  jaw  was  found  in  1806  by  Dupont  in  a  cave  at  La  Naulette, 
Belgium,  together  with  an  ulna  and  a  few  other  fragments  of  human 
bones.  The  find  was  reported  and  the  bones  described  by  Dupont  in 
the  Bulletin  de  FAcademie  Royale  Beige,  second  series,  volume  12, 
18GG,  and  by  Topinard  in  the  Revue  d'Anthropologie  of  the  same 
year.  The  original  specimen  is  preserved  in  the  Musee  Royal  d'His- 
toire  Naturelle,  Brussels.  It  is  evidently  a  portion  of  the  lower  jaw 
of  a  subadult  female.  It  lacks  all  chin  prominence  and  shows  primi- 
tive features  of  the  alveoli  and  hence  teeth,  such  as  a  broad  root  of 
the  canine  with  the  central  groove  on  each  side,  and  the  very  per- 
ceptibly increasing  size  of  the  sockets  of  the  molars  from  before 
backwards. 

The  lower  jaw  of  Malarnaud  was  discovered  in  1889  in  a  small  side 
chamber  of  the  cave  of  Malarnaud,  near  the  village  of  Montseron. 

i  Nehring,  a.  ui>cr  <'im>n  fossiicn  Meuachenaahn  am  den  Diluvium  ron  Tan  bach  i»  i 
Weimar.  (Verb.  Berl.  <:.  Anthr.,  etc,  Zelt.  Bthn.,  1888,  pp.  8S8  840,  125-433.)  Same 
author,  Uber  elnea  Menachlichen  Molar  aui  flem  Diluvium  \«n  Taubach  be!  Weimar. 
(Ibid.,  pp.  678—677.)  Bee  alao  Adloff,  Daa  Qeblaa  dea  RCenachen  and  der  Anthropomor- 
pben.,  Berlin,  1808;  Schmidt,  it.  B.  Die  dlluvlale  Voreeil  Deutaehlanda,  Btuttgart,  1812; 
and   Pestachrlfl   AuthropologlBche  Vertammlung  Weimar,   1812. 

■  Bchwalba,  Q,  Dber  amen  in  der  Nahe  \"i>  Weimar  gefundeaen  i  aterUefer  dea  Homo 
prlmlgenlua.    Anal  Aiwelpwr,  Bd.  it,  1814,  pp.  337  840 

nrdy,  <:.  Q.     [nterglaclal  Man  from  Bhrlngadorf  aear  Weimar;  Amer.  Antbropol- 
ogfet,  xvlii,  No.  l,  1818,  i>i>.  188   i  12 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLICKA.  61 

Arize,  France.  It  lay  2  meters  (about  7  feet)  deep  beneath  a  layer 
of  stalagmite,  in  a  mass  consisting  of  a  great  quantity  of  bones  of 
Quaternary  animals  and  reddish  clay.  The  bone  is  that  of  an 
adolescent,  the  third  molars  being  still  in  their  sockets.  The  teeth 
are  missing,  with  the  exception  of  the  first  right  molar.  The  jaw  is 
not  of  great  size  and  is  rather  low  but  stout.  As  the  La  Naulette 
specimen,  it  lacks  the  chin  prominence  such  as  characterizes  the  lower 
jaw  of  modern  man.1 

The  Sipka  specimen  is  a  fragment  of  the  lower  jaw  of  a  child, 
probably  between  the  eighth  and  tenth  year  of  age.  It  was  found  in 
1880  in  the  Sipka  cave,  near  Stramberk,  Moravia,  by  Dr.  Karel  J. 
Maska,  the  deserving  Moravian  explorer.  It  shows  six  teeth — 
three  incisors,  the  right  canine,  and  the  two  right  premolars,  the 
three  last  named  not  yet  erupted.  The  bone  is  very  stout  and  shows 
other  primitive  features,  but  the  chin  was  already  slightly  developed. 
The  original  of  the  Sipka  jaw  is  still  in  the  care  of  Prof.  Maska  at 
Tele,  Moravia,  where  it  was  seen  by  the  writer.2 

Among  the  specimens  which  while  indubitably  ancient  have  not 
as  yet  been  completely  or  finally  described,  should  be  mentioned,  in 
the  first  place  the  parts  of  the  several  skeletons  discovered  between 
1909  and  1912  by  Capitan  and  Peyrony,  in  the  late  Mousterian 
archeological  deposits  of  La  Ferrassie,  and  the  child's  skull  found  by 
the  same  explorers  in  1909  in  the  cave  of  Pech  de  l'Aze,  near  Sarlat 
(Dordogne),  France.  The  writer  has  seen  these  specimens,  which 
are  preserved  and  are  being  restored  in  the  Museum  d'Histoire  Na- 
turelle,  Paris ;  they  are  in  the  care  of  Prof.  Boule,  who  will  eventu- 
ally describe  them.  Certain  observations  on  some  parts  of  these 
skeletons  have  already  been  included  in  Prof.  Boule's  reports  on  the 
Chapelle-aux-Saints'  skeleton.  He  holds  that  the  remains  belong  to 
the  Homo  Neanderthalensis? 

Among  the  ancient,  but  less  definitely  determined  skeletal  remains, 
and  among  those  belonging  to  the  younger  paleolithic  (Late  Qua- 
ternary) period,  there  may  be  mentioned  especially  the  Ochoz,4  Brux 

1  For  original  descriptions  of  the  find,  see  Filhol,  H.— Bull,  de  la  Soc.  Philomath,  de 
Paris,  18S9,  and  Congres  Anthrop.  PreTiist.,  1889,  p.  417. 

2  For  detailed  description  of  the  Sipka  and  the  jaw,  with  the  earlier  literature  of  the 
find,  see  Maska,  Karel,  J. — Der  diluviale  Mensch  in  Mahren,  8°.     Neutitschein,  188G. 

3  For  first  reports  concerning  these  finds,  see  Boule,  M. — Nouvelles  entries  dans  les 
collections  de  Paleontologie  du  Museum.  (L' Anthropologic,  vol.  22,  1911,  pp.  112-113.) 
Capitan,  L.,  and  Peyrony — Station  prehistorique  de  la  Serrassie.  (Revue  anthropologlque, 
vol.  22,  1912,  pp.  29-99.)  Capitan,  L.  &  Peyrony.  Trois  nouveaux  squelettes  humains 
fossiles.  (Revue  anthropologique,  Nov.,  1912,  pp.  439-440)  ;  and  Obermaier,  II. — Der 
Mensch  der  Vorzeit,  vol.  1,  1912,  pp.  144-145,  339,  430. 

*  Rzehak,  A.  Verhandlungcn  des  naturforschenden  Vereins,  Briinn,  vol.  44,  190."  ;  and 
Zeitschrift  des  Mahrischen  Landesmuseums,  vol.  9,  Briinn,  1909,  pp.  277-313. 


62  ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HKDLILKA. 

(Most).1  Brno  (Briinn)  No.  1,-  Canstadt.1  Combe-Capelle,'  Eguis- 
heini.4  Galley  Hill,5  and  possibly  the  Ipswich.6  skulls  and  skeletons, 
as  well  as  the  most  recently  announced  lower  jaw  of  Banolas.  Spain.7 
For  the  often  not  fully  satisfactory  details  concerning  these  speci- 
mens the  reader  must  be  referred  to  the  original  publications. 

Of  especial  importance,  however,  is  the  magnificent  collection  of 
ancient  skeletal  remains  discovered  at  Predmost,  Moravia,  by  Prof. 
K.  J.  Maska.  This  splendid  material,  which  consists  of  14  human 
skeletons,  some  of  them  almost  complete,  with  additional  skeletal 
parte  from  six  other  bodies,  is  now  being  studied  by  Prof.  J. 
Matiegka,  the  director  of  the  Anthropologicky  Ustav,  of  Prague. 
The  writer  has  seen  this  collection  on  two  occasions  and  he  regards 
it  as  by  far  the  most  important  assemblage  of  material  from  the 
transitional  period  between  earlier  and  the  latest  paleolithic  forms. 
It  represents  in  a  measure  the  much  searched-for  bridge  between  the 
Neanderthal  and  recent  man.  Archeologically,  these  valuable  skele- 
tons belong  to  the  earlier  Solutrean  or  the  Aurignacean. 

Besides  the  above  described  or  enumerated  specimens,  there  are 
many  others  scattered  in  the  museums  of  Europe,  for  which  greater 
or  less  antiquity  has  been  at  some  time,  or  is  still  being  claimed.  In 
many  of  these  instances  the  student  finds  that  the  evidence  adduced 
and  the  testimony  of  the  skeletal  parts  themselves  speak  rather 
against  any  great  age,  or  leave  the  subject  in  serious  doubt.  It  would 
seem  best  for  the  progress  of  science  to  eliminate  all  such  specimens, 
with  perhaps  some  of  those  mentioned  above,  from  consideration, 
unless  or  until  new  and  ample  evidence  be  found  to  convince  us  that 
they  really  deserve  place  in  the  range  of  the  precious  authentic  docu- 
ments that  represent  the  earlier  phases  of  man's  natural  history. 

The»gradually  accumulating  finds  which  throw  light  on  the  physi- 
cal past  of  man,  have  naturally  stimulated  further  exploration  in 
the  same  lines;  and  the  various  failures  and  uncertainties  connected 
with  some  of  the  finds  in  the  past  have  impressed  all  investigators 
in  the  field  with  the  necessity  of  the  most  careful  and  properly  con- 
trolled procedure.  Besides  men  of  science,  the  educated  public,  en- 
gineers controlling  public  works,  and  even  many  among  the  work- 

1  Bchwalbe,  (•.  Btudlen  era  7orgeechlehte  dea  Menachen.  Zeltachrifl  fiir  Morphologic 
and  Anthropologic,  Sonderheft,  ISM,  with  further  biography. 

•  Makowsky,   \-     Der  Mensch  der  Diluvlalseil  Mlhrens,  BrOnn,  1899;  Obermaier,  li. 
Der  Mensch  der  Vorselt,   1912,  pp.  298-362. 

'"Homo  Anrlgnacensls  Hanserl";  Klaatach,  II.,  nml  o.  Rauser.  Prlhlst.  Eeltachr., 
1910;  :itifl  Klaatach,  H.— Die  Aurlunnernsso  und  Rtre  Btellnng  Im  Slainmlmiim  der 
Menachheit     (Eeitachr.  EthneL,  1910.) 

1  Broca,  r.     Fragments  de  crane  butmune  d'Kguishcim.     (Boll,  Boc  D'Anthrop,  rnris. 
Paris,   1867,  pp.   L29-181) :  Bchwalbt,  0.     Der  BchldtJ  von  Bglshatin  Beitrage 
zur  Anthropologic  Elsass  Lothrlngea  Heft  8,  Btrassburg,  1902. 

'Newton,  E.  T.  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society,  August,  ism."':  :iis,. 
Monro,  B.  Paleolithic  man,  etc.,  Addenburg,  wn-J.  pp.  109-115;  Keith,  A. — Ancient 
types  df  man,  1911  :  ;ii*<>  Duckworth,  w.  .1.  n.  -Prehistoric  man,  Cambridge,  1912. 

■Being  determined  and  described  by  Prof.  Arthur  Keith. 

iPacheco,  i:.  Hernandes,  y  Hugo  Obermaier,  La  mandibuls  naandertalolde  de  B 
s  •,  Mem.  do.  <;  de  la  Comisloo  de  [nTestlgaciones  paleontologJcas  y  prehlstoricas,  Mnseo 
Nacional,  Madrid,  1915,  iu>.  i    12;  reference  i>v  Q.  <;.  MacCordy  la  Science,  rol  it.  July 
16,  1915,  pp.  si  85,  mii.i  in  Amer.  AnthropoL,  vol.  17,  \'.>\:>,  pp.  759  762, 


ANCIENT    REMAINS    OF    MAN HRDLIOKA.  03 

men  in  Europe  have  been  impressed  by  these  remarkable  discoveries, 
and  in  hundreds  of  instances  are  doubtless  watching  for  new  treas- 
ures. Under  these  conditions  we  are  justified  in  hoping  that  from 
time  to  time  we  shall  receive  additions  to  the  precious  material 
already  in  our  hands;  that  these  additions  will  fill  the  existing  vacua, 
and  gradually  extend  further  back  to  the  more  strictly  intermediary 
forms  between  man  and  his  ancestral  stock,  and  perhaps  eventually 
even  to  the  source  of  these  link-forms  themselves,  to  the  peculiar 
morphologically  unstable  family  of  the  anthropogenous  primates. 

While  the  anthropologist  is  thus  painfully  and  slowly  reconstruct- 
ing the  past  physical  history  of  man,  he  is  also  with  every  new  fact 
adding  another  imperishable  block  to  the  foundation  upon  which  will 
stand  not  only  the  knowledge  of  the  future  in  regard  to  man  himself, 
but  also  the  laws  of  his  further  physical  development,  and  radically 
even  those  of  his  beliefs  and  his  moral  behavior.  This  is  a  part  of 
the  service  of  anthropology  to  humanity. 

ADDITIONAL  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Among  the  more  recent  anthropological  literature  there  are  a  num- 
ber of  monographs  that  deal  more  or  less  comprehensively  with  the 
subject  of  ancient  man.    These  publications,  which  contain  numer- 
ous further  references,  are  as  follows: 
Anucin,   D. — Proizchozdeni  celoveka  i  ievo   iskopaiemi  predki.     Itogi  Nauki, 

Moskva,  1912,  pp.  691-784. 
Babor,    J. — Paleontologie   clovgka.     Vestnik   Klubu    Prirodovgd.,    XIV.,    Pros- 

tejov,  1911,  pp.  1-40. 
Backman,   G. — Orn   Manniskans  utveckling  efter   inanniskoblifvander.    Ymer, 

Tidskrift  Utgifven  af  Svenska  Sallskapet  fiir  Antropologi  och  Geografi,  Arg. 

1909,  H.  2  Och  3.    Also  Manniskans  Forhistoria,  8°,  Stockholm,  1911. 
Boule,  M. — La  Paleontologie  humaine  en  Angleterre.     L'Anthropologie,  XXVI, 

1915 ;  repr.  pp.  1-67.  * 

Branca,  W. — Der  Stand  nnderer  Kenntnisse  vom  fossilen  Menschen.    8°,  Leip- 
zig, 1910. 
Duckworth,  W.  L.  H. — Prehistoric  Man.     12°,  Cambridge,  1912. 
Fischer,  E. — Fossile  Hominiden.     Handworterbuch  der  Naturwissenschaften, 

IV,   1913. 
Geikie,  J. — The  Antiquity  of  Man  in  Europe.    8°,  London,  1913. 
Keith,  A. — Ancient  types  of  Man.     12°,  London,  1911;  The  Antiquity  of  Man, 

8°,  London,   1915. 
MacCurdy,  G.  G. — Recent    discoveries   bearing   on   the   antiquity   of   Man   in 

Europe.     Smitbsonian  Report  for  1909,  pp.  531-583. 
MacCurdy,  G.  G— The  Man  of  Piltdown.    Science.    1914,  pp.  15S-160. 
Munro,  R. — Paleolithic  Man  and  terramara  settlements  in  Europe.     8°,  Edin- 
burgh,  1912.  ^ 
Obermaier,  H:— Der  Mensch  der  Vorzeit;  gr.  8°,  Berlin,  1912,  do.,  Quaternary 

Human  Remains  in  Central  Europe ;  Smithsonian  Report  for  1906,  pp.  373- 

397. 
Osborn,   H.   F— Review   of   the   Pleistocene   of   Europe,   Asia,   and   Northern 

Africa ;  Annals  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  xxvi,  1915,  pp.  215-315. 
Osborn,  H.  F—  Men  of  the  Old  Stone  Age.    8°,  N.  Y.,  1st  ed.  1915 ;  2d  ed.  1916. 
Sinel,  I.— Prehistoric  Times  and  Men  of  the  Channel  Islands ;  8°,  Jersey,  1914. 
Smith,  G.  Elliot.— The  Evolution  of  Man.     Smithsonian  Report  for  1912,  pp. 

553-572. 

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